AP learning

 Pavlov became interested in conditioning when he observed laboratory dogs:

• Salivating right before food was placed in their mouths
• Failing to salivate when food was placed in their mouths
• Salivating only when food was placed in their mouths
• Salivating right after they had swallowed food

In Pavlov’s original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UCR) was:

•  The sound of a tone
• Salivation elicited by a tone
• The presentation of meat powder following a tone
• Salivation elicited by food

A conditioned stimulus is:

• A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
• An unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioning
• A previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response
• A learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning

Carson used to enjoy lime sherbet, and when he was in Mexico he tried frozen lime margaritas. After his fourth margarita Carson became extremely ill. Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet can make him feel queasy. In this example, the conditioned response is:

• The lime margaritas that Carson consumed
• The illness that followed the fourth margarita
• The sight of lime sherbet
• The queasiness that Carson feels when he sees lime sherbet

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to:

• Talk
• Walk
• Love the smell of her father’s cologne 
• Become potty trained 

The continued presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus will result in the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response. This phenomenon is known as:

• Repression
• Inhibition
• Suppression
• Extinction

When Lindsay was nine years old, the neighbor’s Chihuahua bit her ankle. Today, Lindsay is still terrified of Chihuahuas, but she likes all other types of dogs. Lindsay’s fear illustrates the process of:

• Instinctive drift
• Stimulus discrimination
• Stimulus generalization
• Negative avoidance

Learning to tie one’s shoes is most likely acquired via the process of:

• Operant conditioning
• Spontaneous recovery
• Classical conditioning
• Learned helplessness

The Law of Effect states that _____ lead to the _____ of the association between the stimulus and a response.

• Reinforcers; weakening
• Punishers; strengthening
• Satisfying events; strengthening 
• Unsatisfying events; strengthening

Danny’s skill at hitting a baseball gradually improves as his attempts produce more frequent & longer-distance hits. This is an example of:

• Shaping
• Stimulus generalization
• Extinction
• Stimulus discrimination