Classical and Operant Conditioning

Once Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n)

• unconditioned stimulus
• neutral stimulus 
• conditioned stimulus
• unconditioned response

Shaping is

• a pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed
• rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior
• completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given
• inhibition of new learning by previous learning

John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded?

• continuous reinforcement
• variable interval
• fixed ratio
• variable ratio

Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement?

• Teresa is scolded when she runs through the house yelling.
• Greg changes his math class so he doesn't have to see his old girlfriend.
• Aditya is raised for having the best essay in class.
• Alex takes the wrong medicine and gets violently ill afterward.

Watson and Rayner's classical conditioning of "Little Albert" was helpful in explaining that

• human emotion such as fear are subject to classical conditioning
• some conditioned stimuli do not generalize 
• small children are not easily conditioned as older children 
• fear of rats or rabbits are innate responses previously undiscovered

Jamel got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend's house. He didn't know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blames his illness on the mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for his taste aversion to mushrooms?

• pizza
• mushrooms
• aversion to mushrooms
• stomach virus

Latent learning is best described by which of the following?

• innate responses of an organism preventing new learning and association
• learning that occurs in the absence of rewards
• delayed responses that occur when new stimuli are paired with familiar ones
• unconscious meaning that is attributed to new response patterns

Which of the following is NOT learned through operant conditioning? 

• a rat learning to press a bar to get food
• fish swimming to the top of the tank when a light goes on
• studying hard for good grades
• dogs jumping over a hurdle to avoid an electric shock

Who discovered classical conditioning through his dog experiments?

• Ivan Pavlov
• BF Skinner
• John Watson
• Edward Thorndike

Who demonstrated observational learning through his Bobo Doll experiment?

• John Garcia
• Albert Bandura
• Robert Rescorla
• John Watson