Thinking and Intelligence

A problem solving strategy that often includes a formula and guarantees an answer to the problem is a(n)

• subgoal
• prototype
• Algorithm
• Heurisitc

Experts in a given field prefer heuristics to algorithms because heuristics:

• Guarantee solutions to problems
• Prevent mental sets
• Often save time
• Prevent fixation

A common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to:

• Accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opinions
• Accept as logical those conclusions that disagree with our own opinions
• Underestimate the accuracy of our knowledge
• Accept as logical those conclusions that involve unfamiliar concepts

The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:

• Cognition
• Learning
• Perception
• Sensation

Complete the following analogy: rose is to flower as ____________ is to ____________.

• Concept is to prototype
• Prototype is to concept
• Concept is to hierarchy
• Hierarchy is to concept

Which of the following is an example of the use of heuristics?

• Trying every possible combination of letters when unscrambling a word
• Considering each possible move when playing chess
• Using the formula “area=length x width” to find the area of a rectangle
• Playing chess using a defensive strategy that has often been successful for you

Failing to see that an article of clothing can be inflated as a life preserver is an example of:

• Belief bias
• The availability heuristic
• The representativeness heuristic
• Functional fixedness

Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people’s decisions are being influenced by:

• Belief bias
• The availability heuristic
• The representativeness heuristic
• Functional fixedness

A mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):

• Prototype
• Concept
• Algorithm
• Heuristic

If we know that all dogs have tails, and thus poodles must have tails, we are demonstrating ___________ reasoning.

• Determined
• Deductive 
• Insight
• Inductive