Introduction to Geology

Which branch of geology examines materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the processes that operate beneath and on the surface?

• Historical geology

• Physical geology

• Chemical geology

• Biological geology

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-1

Which of the following is NOT a natural hazard studied by geologists?

• Volcanoes

• Floods

• Tornadoes

• Earthquakes

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NGSS.MS-ESS3-2

Which of the following is a consequence of more people living in cities than in rural areas?

• Decreased vulnerability to hazards

• Creation of mega-populations more vulnerable to hazards

• Increased agricultural production

• Less demand for resources

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NGSS.MS-ESS3-4

Explain why mega-populations in cities might be more vulnerable to hazards compared to rural populations. Use evidence from your understanding of population distribution and resource needs.

• Cities have fewer people, so hazards are less likely to occur.

• Mega-populations concentrate more people in one area, increasing the impact of hazards and the demand for resources.

• Rural areas have more hazards than cities.

• Cities are always safer due to better infrastructure.

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NGSS.MS-ESS3-2

NGSS.MS-ESS3-4

Who proposed the concept of catastrophism in the mid-1600s?

• James Ussher

• James Hutton

• Charles Lyell

• Alfred Wegener

Which statement best describes the principle of uniformitarianism?

• The physical, chemical, and biologic laws that operate today have operated throughout the geologic past

• Earth’s landscapes are shaped only by sudden, short-lived events

• The Earth is only a few thousand years old

• Life on Earth has remained unchanged

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NGSS.MS-LS4-1

What is the estimated age of the Earth according to current geological understanding?

• 4.6 billion years

• 2.5 million years

• 10 billion years

• 500 million years

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NGSS.MS-ESS1-4

Which of the following best describes the process of science?

• Producing knowledge based on making observations and developing explanations

• Memorizing facts without evidence

• Ignoring patterns in nature

• Relying solely on intuition

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NGSS.MS-PS1-2

Science assumes that the natural world behaves in which of the following ways?

• Randomly and unpredictably

• Consistently and predictably

• Only during experiments

• Differently for each observer

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NGSS.MS-PS2-2

If the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis, what should a scientist do next according to the scientific inquiry process?

• Ignore the results and publish the hypothesis anyway

• Try again by revising the hypothesis or experiment

• Stop the investigation entirely

• Change the data to fit the hypothesis

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NGSS.MS-ETS1-4

NGSS.MS-LS1-5

NGSS.MS-PS1-2