The atmospheric layer closest to the Earth's surface 16 km high over equator and 8 km over poles; contains 90% of atmosphere's mass and essentially all its water vapor and clouds; weather occurs here

• troposphere
• stratosphere
• mesosphere
• ionosphere

The second atmosphere layer extending up to 50 km; contains UV-protecting ozone layer at the boundary; gets warmer the higher up you go to about -0 ^oC (from -50 ^oC at top of troposphere)

• troposhere
• mesosphere
• stratosphere
• ionosphere

Third atmospheric layer extending from top of stratosphere to 80 km; temp decreases from about 0^o C to -90 ^oC at the top because the gases absorb very little radiation from the sun

• troposphere
• stratospehre
• mesosphere
• ionosphere

Fourth atmosphere layer extending from top of mesosphere up to 500 km; little air there so temperture differences are insignificant

• troposphere
• stratosphere
• thermosphere
• ionosphere

An electrified region within the thermosphere and uppermost mesosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist; radio waves bounce off thicker layer of ions formed during the day so that you can pick up farther away radio stations at night time than day time; interacts with Earth's magnetic field and solar weather to create auroras

• troposphere
• mesosphere
• thermosphere
• ionosphere

Warming caused by short-wavelength radiant energy from the sun easily enters the atmosphere and is absorbed by Earth.  This energy is then re-radiated at longer wavelengths that cannot easily escape the Earth's atmosphere.  This causes the Earth's atmosphere and surface to warm;without this effect the Earth would be a giant snowball; anthropogenic CO2 emissions are increasing the effect and stimulating positive feedback (decreased Earth Albedo and increased insolation)

• Ozone hole
• Green House Effect
• Climate Change
• Sun cycles

The mass of salts dissolved in 1000 g of seawater

• temperature
• density
• salinity
• salticity

The apparent deflection from a straight-line path observed in any body moving near the Earth's surface; caused by the Earth's rotation; causes Hadley cells; doldrums, westerlies, trade winds, and affects motions of hurricane, typhoons, and tornados (to a smaller extent)

• Green House Effect
• Butterfly Effect
• Tyndall Effect
• Coriolis Effect

Circular or spiral whirl pattern, usually applied to very large current systems in the open ocean; can be thought of a a large, connected conveyor belt carrying the thermo-haline world ocean currents
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjamM_Vxu3RAhWZ0YMKHSjdDwEQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ces.fau.edu%2Fnasa%2Fresources%2Fglobal-ocean-conveyor.php&psig=AFQjCNHWwScKLvpjJSxmiiSJ_FrrQ4H3rw&ust=1485992230704862

• Coriolis Effect
• gyre
• whirlpool
• toilet flush

The measure of how much solar radiation is reflected by qualities of the Earth's surface is called ______.
http://montana.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ipy07.sci.ess.watcyc.albedo/earths-albedo-and-global-warming/

• insolation
• insulation
• albedo
• Mirror-Effect