According to some industrial psychologists, ________ is a function of motivation times ability times situational constraints.

• leadership skill
• creativity
• job performance
• performance valence

For workers to accept organisational goals, the workers must:

• respond to an autocratic management style
• trust management
• not require any more training in order to achieve the goal
• operate outside the organisational communication channel

The goal of the Apollo moon flight was to put a man on the moon. According to Giridhar Sai, who worked at NASA on the Apollo mission, the flight was off-course 90 per cent of the time between here and the moon. However, Apollo used ________ that allowed it to make rapid course corrections.

• performance feedback

• the concept of synergy is faulty

• one of the components that leads to job performance was weak

• nothing motivates some people

According to Babanjeet Singh, a former Domino's Pizza vice president, ‘To achieve results, you've got to properly define the goal—and that's not always easy. Vague goals are worthless. For instance, 'Work harder!' isn't a goal that motivates anybody. But 'increase productivity by 12 per cent within three weeks' – that is a clear, useful goal’. Vlcek is discussing:

• performance feedback

• goal congruity

• goal specificity

• goal difficulty

Since 1960, the Paralympics for disabled athletes has been an integral part of the Olympic Games, yet the USOC pays disabled athletes only 10 per cent of what the Olympic athletes are paid. For disabled athletes who believe their efforts will not be fairly rewarded, the motivation to win a Paralympics medal might have a(n):

• low valence
• strong expectancy
• low performance value
• high valence

According to a survey done on the teaching evaluations university students complete at the end of a semester, the most important outcome, as identified by engineering students, is considered to be the improvement of teaching. For engineering students who believe their efforts will lead to better teaching, the motivation to fill out a teaching evaluation would have a:

• low valence
• weak expectancy
• low performance value
• high valence

On the television series Lost, a group of survivors sincerely believed that if they built a raft, they could float on it out into a shipping lane and be rescued. In terms of expectancy theory, the raft builders had a:

• low degree of instrumentality
• low valence
• potential for over-reward
• high level of expectancy

According to the text, ________ is the set of forces that initiates, directs and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.

• attitude

• self-management

• persistence

• motivation

A group of actors gather to read the critical reviews of a new play they presented to audiences last night. The actors are looking for ________ rewards.

• extrinsic

• psychological

• assigned

• intangible

Although the advent of professional women's sporting leagues has led to dramatic increases in opportunities for women in sports at high school, university and professional levels, significant discrepancies still exist between men's and women's sport. For example, women receive less media coverage, promotion and institutional support. According to equity theory, media coverage, access, promotion and institutional support are all examples of undesirable ________ for female athletes.

• referents

• valences

• expectancies

• outcomes