Quizizz 6.2 (Ch. 6, Sections 1-3)

Does using a cell phone while driving make an accident more likely? Researchers compared telephone company and police records to find 699 people who had cell phones and were also involved in an auto accident. Using phone billing records, they compared the frequency of accidents when cell phones were in use to the frequency when they were not in use. This study is

• a randomized comparative experiment.
• an experiment, but without randomization.
• a simple random sample.
• an observational study, but not a simple random sample.

Does using a cell phone while driving make an accident more likely? Researchers compared telephone company and police records to find 699 people who had cell phones and were also involved in an auto accident. Using phone billing records, they compared the frequency of accidents when cell phones were in use to the frequency when they were not in use. The explanatory variable in this study is

• whether or not the subject had an auto accident.
• whether or not the subject was using a cell phone.
• the risk of an accident.
• whether or not the subject owned a cell phone.

A study of a drug to prevent hair loss showed that 86% of the men who took it maintained or increased the amount of hair on their heads. But so did 42% of the men in the same study who took a placebo instead of the drug. This is an example of

• a sampling error: the study should not have included men whose hair grew without the drug
• the placebo effect: a treatment often works if you believe that it will work
• an error in calculating percentages
• failure to use the double-blind idea

A study of a drug to prevent hair loss showed that 86% of the men who took it maintained or increased the amount of hair on their heads. But so did 42% of the men in the same study who took a placebo instead of the drug. This is an example of

• a sampling error: the study should not have included men whose hair grew without the drug
• the placebo effect: a treatment often works if you believe that it will work
• an error in calculating percentages
• failure to use the double-blind idea

The drug manufacturer Merck recently stopped testing a promising new drug to treat depression. It turned out that in a randomized, double-blind trial a dummy pill did almost as well as the new drug. The fact that many people respond to a dummy treatment is called

• confounding.
• nonresponse.
• comparison.
• the placebo effect.

The most important advantage of experiments over observational studies is

• a well designed experiment can give good evidence that the treatments actually cause the response.
• an experiment can compare two or more groups.
• we can use randomization to avoid bias in designing an experiment.
• we can study the relationship between two or more explanatory variables.

Ethical standards for randomized, controlled clinical trials include

• not asking subjects to agree to participate without first informing them of the nature of the study and possible risks and benefits.
• insuring that each subject knows which treatment he or she received.
• allowing subjects to decide whether or not to be in the control group
• never testing drugs which have not been proven to be completely safe.

The basic ethical requirements for any study of human subjects are

• comparison, randomization, and replication.
• approval by a review board, informed consent,confidentiality of data.
• subjects are anonymous, subjects are randomly chosen,subjects cannot be harmed.
• data production, data analysis, inference.

All statistical studies should follow the principle of confidentiality.This means that

• information about individual subjects is never made public.
• the identities of the subjects are not known even to the researchers.
• information about who paid for the study is never made public.
• the results and conclusions of the study are never made public.

Studies with human subjects must be approved in advance by an Institutional Review Board. The Board's main purpose is to

• be sure that the study is scientifically interesting.
• be sure that the study uses good statistical techniques.
• be sure that the study will have some benefit to society.
• be sure that the subjects of the study are safe.