8th Grade Social Studies Unit 9 Exam

. . . [W]e are satisfied, upon a careful examination of all the cases

decided in the State courts of Missouri referred to, that it is now

firmly settled by the decisions of the highest court in the State, that

Scott and his family upon their return were not free, but were, by the

laws of Missouri, the property of the defendant; and that the Circuit

Court of the United States had no jurisdiction, when, by the laws of

the State, the plaintiff was a slave, and not a citizen.

—Dred Scott v. Sandford,1857

How did this decision affect the lives of enslaved people?

• It confirmed enslaved people were property and cannot bring a case

  to a federal court.

• It allowed enslaved people to sue for their freedom in state courts.

• It determined enslaved people could travel across state lines when

  seeking freedom.

• It restricted slavery to states alone and not territories.

Bold and determined as Mr. Clay was in all his actions, he was,

nevertheless [disarming]. He did not [stubbornly] adhere to things

impracticable. If he could not accomplish the best, he contented

himself with the [closest] approach to it. He has been the great

compromiser of those political agitations and opposing opinions

which have, in the belief of thousands, at different times,

endangered the perpetuity of our Federal Government and Union.

—Senator Joseph Underwood, speech before the Senate on the

occasion of Senator Henry Clay's death, July 1852

How did the actions of Henry Clay influence national politics?

• He endangered the Union through letters to newspapers, advocating the abolition of slavery.

• He increased tensions between Northern and Southern states, boldly advocating states' rights.

• He reduced sectional conflict through legislation that balanced the

  concerns of people on both sides of the issue of slavery

• He developed a process for admitting territories into the Union,

  allowing democracy to spread quickly across Western states.

Sectional differences in the United States during the early 1800s were mostly rooted in differences about —

• religion

• economics

• the roles of women

• attitudes about war

Which sequence of events is in correct chronological order?

• Compromise of 1850

  Nullification Crisis

  Kansas-Nebraska Act

  Missouri Compromise

• Nullification Crisis

  Compromise of 1850

  Missouri Compromise

  Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Kansas-Nebraska Act

  Missouri Compromise

  Nullification Crisis

  Compromise of 1850

• Missouri Compromise

  Nullification Crisis

  Compromise of 1850

  Kansas-Nebraska Act

How did U.S. tariff policies contribute to sectionalism prior to the Civil War?

• Northern states benefited from the tariffs, while Southern states

  considered them an economic burden.

• Western states wanted tariffs to pay for improved infrastructure,

  while Northern states wanted to reduce the national debt.

• Northern states gained European investment in industry, while

  Southern plantations had to rely on trade with Latin America

• Southern states benefited from tariffs on raw materials, while

  Northern and Western states disapproved of higher prices for

  imports.

How did economic opportunities for free African Americans differ from enslaved African Americans during the early 1800s?

• Free African Americans could own property and had some rights,

  while enslaved African Americans had no rights at all.

• Free African Americans had no rights to own property, but could

  operate a business, while enslaved African Americans had no rights

  at all.

• Free African Americans had the right to own businesses and

  property, while enslaved African Americans only had the right to own

  personal property.

• Free African Americans could own and operate their own business,

  while enslaved African Americans could not own but could only

  operate a few small types of businesses

How did both the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 contribute to differences between free and enslaved African Americans?

• The institution of slavery was allowed in some new states while

  other states allowed freedom for African Americans.

• Both compromises expanded rights for enslaved African Americans,

  but limited the rights of free African Americans in new free states

• Free African Americans gained new rights to vote and hold office in

  new free states while enslaved African Americans lacked any rights.

• Both compromises limited the spread of slavery to east of the

  Mississippi River, allowing enslaved African Americans who escaped slavery to gain their freedom and political rights in free states

How did many Southern slaveholders view the issue of slavery?

• As a source of labor, slavery was an economic issue.

• Slavery was considered immoral and should be abolished.

• Slavery was considered a historical tradition that should be

  maintained to keep cultural ties with the past.

• As a source of controversy, slavery was considered a political

  problem the federal government should solve.

During the heightened period of sectionalism of the early 1800s, John C. Calhoun became a spokesman for southern states by —

• working to repeal the Fugitive Slave Act

• compromising to stop the spread of slavery

• arguing in favor of a state’s right to nullify federal laws

• claiming that the Constitution did not apply to the states

Which southern city served as a busy port of entry for goods and immigrants in the mid-1800’s?

• Atlanta

• Galveston

• Baton Rouge

• Harper’s Ferry