Classification/Taxonomy

Some structures are similar in two different species because they were inherited from a common ancestor with that structure. However, as the two species evolved, they were impacted by different mechanisms of evolution. As a result, these structures may not have the same function in the current species. This type of evolution is known as

• Divergent evolution

• Convergent evolution

• Coevolution

• Evolutionary evolution

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

"sea cucumber" is an example of what?

• Scientific name

• Common name

• binomial nomenclature

• Food

In convergent evolution, organisms share physical similarities because they

• the similarity was from a common ancestor

• impacted by similar mechanisms of evolution

• cause mutations to occur in one another

• are closely related

Cowbirds show an interesting evolutionary adaptation. Cowbirds will lay their eggs in nests of other birds in their environment (host nests). Scientists studying cowbirds have discovered that they have evolved eggs that closely mimic those of other birds around them. Cowbird young also have characteristics (feather coloration and calls) that mimic the young of those other birds so the host parents will feed them. However, in response, some host species have evolved the ability to smell the difference between their own offspring and the offspring of cowbirds. This is type of evolution over time is an example of

• divergent evolution

• coevolution

• convergent evolution

• genetic drift

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NGSS.MS-LS2-2

From a biological perspective, which of the following distinguishes the lion and giraffe as two distinct species?

• They look different

• They have different amounts of cells

• They live in different areas

• They cannot reproduce or form fertile offspring together

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

The wing of a bat and the arm of a dog have different functions due to the evolutionary history of these two species (flight vs. walking/running). Yet, the underlying anatomy is basically the same because this anatomy was passed on from a common ancestor. Therefore, these structures are examples of

• coevolutionary structures

• analogous structures

• homologous structures

• reproductive isolation

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

What pattern of evolution is shown and why?

• The image shows divergent evolution because these birds evolved different beak structures over time independently.

• The image shows convergent evolution because all of the birds share analogous structures.

• The image shows divergent evolution because all of the birds share homologous structures from a common ancestor.

• The image shows convergent evolution because these birds are not closely related.

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

The wing of a bat and the wing of a dragon fly are both shaped similar for flight. However, the structural components of them are very different (bone and skin vs. protein fiber). The adaptation of flight was something that evolved separately over time in these organisms. This is an example of

• coevolution

• divergent evolution

• founder effect

• convergent evolution

You look under a microscope at single-celled organism with no nucleus. In which Domain would this be classified?

• Either Archaea or Bacteria

• Eukarya

• Protista

• Animalia

A new eukaryotic organisms is discovered that has vertebrae, four limbs, produces amniotic eggs and these eggs have shells. Given these characteristics, its linage branch would be closest to

• fish

• rodents and primates

• amphibians

• reptiles and birds

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NGSS.MS-LS4-1

NGSS.MS-LS4-2