Ablative absolute & gerunds, gerundives

feminā magistrā, multum didicimus.

• with the woman as the teacher

• the woman was a teacher

• by the woman teacher

• for the woman teacher

discimus legendō.

• by reading

• I read

• I will read

• of reading

cena edenda est mihi.

• I must eat dinner.

• The dinner must be eaten by me.

• I ate dinner

• I will eat dinner.

Romam venimus ad templa videnda.

• to see the temples

• towards the temples having been seen

• we looked towards the temples

• I looked at the temples

hostibus victīs, nos laeti erant.

• with the enemies (having been) defeated

• after the enemies were defeated

• with the enemies defeating

• we defeated the enemies

discipulīs audientibus, magistra loquebatur.

• with the students listening

• with the students having been heard

• the students listened

• she heard the students

We had to drink water

• aqua bibenda erat nobis

• aqua bibenda est nobis

• aqua bibenda erat mihi

• bibimus aquam

We escaped by running.

• currendō

• currendī

• currere

• currens