Islamic Empires

What is known as the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca?

• Hajj.

• Hijra.

• Qadis.

• Sharia.

What was the lasting impact of pilgrimages to Mecca and other holy Cities?

• Decentralized governments in Europe and the Arabian Peninsula.

• Increased cross-cultural interactions that resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions.

• The flourishing of Mayan city-states.

• The peasant revolts in Western Europe.

What empires developed and expanded as Islam became extremely important to its followers?

• The Byzantine Empire.

• The Caliphates.

• The Feudal Empire of Japan.

• The Ottoman Empire.

How did increased Arabic Trade impact their neighbor regions?

• Increased Bantu Migrations.

• Expanded the Silk Road.

• Influenced maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples.

• Greatly increased the spread of Islam.

During the thirteenth century, what state challenged and changed the governing structures in the Middle East?

• The Byzantine Empire.

• The Feudal Kingdoms of Japan.

• The Mongol Khanates.

• The Tang Dynasty.

What special head tax did the Umayyad impose upon people who did not convert to Islam?

• Hajj

• Jizya

• Sakk

• Ulama

How did communications between people in parts of Africa and Eurasia change during the expansion of Islamic trade?

• The adoption of the printing press by the Byzantine government to produce propaganda materials for dissemination in neighboring lands.

• The adoption of the Roman numeral system as an international standard for conducting business transactions.

• The evolution of Swahili as a written and spoken language with roots in western Africa.

• The spread of use of Arabic as a shared language among many different peoples along networks of exchange.

What new crop did NOT diffuse to the Middle East and Africa during the rule of the Caliphates?

• Bananas

• Black Beans

• Cotton

• Sugar

What would be the BEST source for evidence of the diffusion of technology and crops during the Caliphate eras?

• Accounts of the results of the Columbian Exchange on agricultural development.

• Descriptions of effects of the Muslim agricultural revolution.

• Financial records describing tariffs collected by Tang officials in charge of agricultural exports.

• Images of the effect of diasporic merchant communities on agriculture in Austronesia.

What was the the impact of adapting agriculture to new environment through Muslim expansion?

• Decreased population because urbanization stressed natural resources to the point of disease, drought, and famine.

• Increased conflict over more abundant food surpluses.

• Increased development of irrigation systems in order to support more dense populations which grew into urban areas.

• Increased urbanization, particularly in environments which contained the larger river basins.