Unit 4: Age of Reason and Revolution

"God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake, at his pleasure;to give life or send death; to judge... and be judged (by) none...And the like power have kings;..."

Which idea is described by this passage?

• theory of divine right

• enlightened despotism

• Social Darwinism

• constitutional monarchy

The Age of Monarchs saw the rise of all-powerful kings like Phillip II if Spain, Louis XIV of France, and Peter the Great of Russia.

What did these European monarchs use to justify their God-given right to rule?

• A written constitution

• Divine right of Kings

• The Mandate of Heaven

• The consent of the people

The findings of Galileo and Newton were significant because, from their time on, scientific thought was based upon

• traditional ways of thinking.

• the ideas of the classic philosophers.

• the authority of the Church

• observation and experimentation

Which Scientific Revolution-era invention led to an increased understanding of diseases?

• the telescope

• the thermometer

• the barometer

• the microscope

The Scientific Revolution contributed to Enlightenment thought by influencing people to

• believe in the power of human reason

• reject belief in the organized church

• study the ideas of past civilizations

• oppose individuality in favor of social order

Ideas of John Locke

-Rulers receive the right to govern from the people

-Unjust rulers can be forced from power

Based on the information above, which form of government would John Locke most oppose?

• republic

• dictatorship

• representative democracy

• constitutional monarchy

-natural rights

-separation of powers

-political equality

The teachings of Enlightenment thinking listed above provided the basis for the

• establishment of democratic government

• teaching of the Protestant Reformtion

• calling of the crusades

• development of feudalism

1215 - Magna Carta

1295 - Model Parliament

1679 - Habeas Corpus

1688 - Glorious Revolution

The timeline shows events related to the

• conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor

• Catholic Church's expansion of influence in government

• evolution towards constitutional government in England

• establishment of an absolute monarchy in France

The political liberty of the subject is a tranquility of mind, arising from the opinion each person has of his safety. In order to have this liberty, it is requisite the government be so constituted as one man not be afraid of another. When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty, because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner. Again, there is no liberty, if the power of judging be not separated from the legislative and executive powers.

-Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, 1748

Which statement summarizes Montesquieu's view of government?

• government should be ruled by a monarch

• government should not give too much liberty to its people

• government should be divided so that it remains fair to its citizens

• governments should be controlled by one body of magistrates

The people are extremely well qualified for choosing those whom they are to entrust with part of their authority.

-Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Of Laws Directly Derived from the Nature of Government, 1748

Which best summarizes Montesquieu's view of the responsibility of citizens in a democracy?

• to lobby for new laws

• to vote for their leaders

• to respond to public opinion polls

• to take part in election campaigns