PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW

Identify the false statement.

• Memory performance using shallow processing is poor.

• Deeper processing is focused on semantic characteristics of a stimulus.

• Memories are prone to error.

• Humans only encode the context they focus on.

• Repeatedly imagining an event can lead to the creation of a false memory even if it is very bizarre.

Which of the following correctly describes sensory memory?

• The physical or sensory characteristics of attended stimuli are stored in sensory memory, which has a large capacity to detect a large number of details of the sensory characteristics.

• Any physical or sensory characteristics of stimuli in the environment are encoded in sensory memory, which has a large capacity to store information for a several minutes.

• The physical or sensory characteristics of stimuli are briefly stored in sensory memory, which has a large capacity because it does not require attention.

• Sensory memory encompasses iconic and echoic memory. Information held in sensory memory is then filtered into short-term memory based on the amount of decay.

If a t-test yields a p-value of 0.07, which of the following best describes what he can safely conclude?

• The experimental manipulation did not affect the dependent variable measured, but statistical significance was reached, lending support to his hypothesis

• Although the experimental manipulation did not significantly affect the dependent variable measured, the difference may be meaningful and worth reporting

• Although the experimental manipulation affected the dependent variable measured, statistical significance was not reached, lending support to his hypothesis

• The experimental manipulation affected the dependent variable measured and statistical significance was reached, disproving his hypothesis

Which one of the following represents a well-executed test or experiment? (Remember that tests and experiments were spoken of in different units, research methods & problem-solving and intelligence)

• Julie does a study on the importance of sleep in women, with a sample group of 30 university students. She gets everyone to write one exam with 3 hours of sleep and a different exam with 8 hours.

• Henry wants to test what time of day is best for him to exercise, so he does 3 workouts every day for a week at morning, afternoon and night and has someone else evaluate his efficiency for each one. Every day's results say he is best in the morning and worst at night.

• Charlie thinks he can tell if someone is cheating at cards just by looking at their face, so he invites friends over for cards without telling them his intentions. He doesn't think anyone is cheating and asks them after the game if they were. No one cheated so after doing the same thing with another group of friends where he accurately caught someone cheating he concludes his hypothesis was correct.

• Amy wants to know if she is good at math or if she just gets lucky with tests, so she takes a standard math test many times with different questions. Her results were about 93% every time, so she concludes she is good at math.

Which of the following is a correct statement about statistics?

• Measures of variability is a group of descriptive statistics that review the spread and distribution of a data set.

• A data is considered statistically significant when the P-value is no greater than 0.05

• We can state the relationship is causing this effect if variables are strongly correlated

• Observational studies cannot be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics

• A and B

Which of the following is a correct comparison between descriptive and inferential statistics?

• Descriptive statistics allow us to describe whether our results can apply to the overall population, while inferential statistics allow us to summarize the overall data from the experiment.

• Descriptive statistics use data from the entire population, while inferential statistics use data from just the sample.

• Descriptive statistics use data from just the sample, while inferential statistics use data from the entire population.

• Descriptive statistics allow us to summarize the overall data from the experiment, while inferential statistics allow us to determine whether our results can apply to the overall population.

Which one of the following represents a well-executed test or experiment? (Remember that tests and experiments were spoken of in different units, research methods & problem-solving and intelligence)

• Julie does a study on the importance of sleep in women, with a sample group of 30 university students. She gets everyone to write one exam with 3 hours of sleep and a different exam with 8 hours.

• Amy wants to know if she is good at math or if she just gets lucky with tests, so she takes a standard math test many times with different questions. Her results were about 93% every time, so she concludes she is good at math.

• Henry wants to test what time of day is best for him to exercise, so he does 3 workouts every day for a week at morning, afternoon and night and has someone else evaluate his efficiency for each one. Every day's results say he is best in the morning and worst at night.

• Charlie thinks he can tell if someone is cheating at cards just by looking at their face, so he invites friends over for cards without telling them his intentions. He doesn't think anyone is cheating and asks them after the game if they were. No one cheated so after doing the same thing with another group of friends where he accurately caught someone cheating he concludes his hypothesis was correct.

What is the definition of Spontaneous Recovery and what does it suggest?

• The sudden recovery of a conditional response following a rest period after extinction, suggests that extinction involves involves unlearning the CS

• The sudden recovery of a conditional response following a rest period after extinction, suggests that extinction involves a new inhibitory learned response

• The process by which a contingency between a CS and US is learned, suggests that extinction involves a new inhibitory learned response

• The process by which stimuli similar to the CS will also elicit a CR, suggests that extinction involves involves unlearning the CS

• The loss of the CR when the CS no longer predicts the US, suggests that extinction involves involves unlearning the CS

The contingency between a behaviour and its consequences without explicit training can be learned by organisms through which of the following methods:

• Shaping by successive approximation.

• Autoshaping

• Innate Behaviour Acquisition

• Correlation by Observation

• Reinforcement Schedule

What response is elicited when a CS+ and CS- is presented?

• The CS+ takes over because there is the presence of an unconditional stimulus

• The CS- takes over because there is an absence of an unconditional stimulus

• There is an intermediate response

• The CS+ and CS- cancel each other out and there is no response