Learning Review

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

• the law of effect

• spontaneous recovery

• respondent behavior

• associative learning

Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):

• conditioned stimulus

• immediate reinforcer

• primary reinforcer

• unconditional stimulus

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________ comes after a(n) _____.

• UR; CS

• CS; US

• secondary reinforcer; operant behavior

• negative reinforcer; operant behavior

The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

• evolutionary

• social

• cognitive

• biological

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

• negative reinforcer

• conditioned stimulus

• unconditioned stimulus

• conditioned reinforcer

After getting ill from eating her friend’s Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn’t stand the sight or smell of turkey. However, when her friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it sounded good. This illustrates:

• generalization

• discrimination

• extinction

• acquisition

The law of effect relates most closely to:

• modeling

• operant conditioning

• classical conditioning

• latent learning

For some children who bite themselves or bang their heads, squirting water at their faces when they hurt themselves has been observed to decrease the frequency of these self-abusive behaviors. This best illustrates the potential value of:

• punishment

• conditioned reinforcers

• negative reinforcers

• latent learning

Occasional, unpredictable reinforcement usually results in _________ rates of responding.

• unpredictable

• steady

• delayed

• speedy

Mirror neurons are important to the process of learning because they:

• enhance cognitive maps

• provide a neurological basis for operant conditioning

• enable imitation

• explain aversive conditioning