SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT

Which statement best expresses the ideas of the Scientific Revolution?

• Religious authorities are responsible for understanding and interpreting new information.

• Superstition and magic are important aspects of the natural world.

• Scientific ideas should be made to conform with existing thought systems.

• People should use reason and experimentation to draw scientific conclusions.

The scientific theories developed by Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton resulted in

• challenges to the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church

• support for the Earth-centered theory of the universe

• confirmation of Darwin's theory of evolution

• a renewed interest in the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

Diligent reader, in this work, which has just been created and published, you have the motions of the fixed stars and planets, as these motions have been reconstituted [reconstructed] on the basis of ancient as well as recent observations, and have moreover been embellished by new and marvelous hypotheses. You also have most convenient tables, from which you will be able to compute those motions with the utmost ease for any time whatever. Therefore buy, read, and enjoy [this work].Let no one untrained in geometry enter here.

– Nicholas Copernicus of Torun, Six Books on the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

In this passage, Copernicus states that he accomplished his work by

• excluding the teachings of ancient societies

• combining old and new observations

• questioning the principles of the scientific method

• denying the importance of geometry

What influence did the Scientific Revolution have on the Enlightenment in Europe?

• Natural laws were used to explain human affairs

• Economic growth was slowed by the lack of useable technology.

• Scientific truths were used to justify absolute monarchies.

• The emphasis on religious doctrine led to the rejection of scientific ideas.

The idea that all people are born with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property is most directly associated with the writings of

• Baron de Montesquieu

• Thomas Hobbes

• Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

• John Locke

The heliocentric model of the universe developed by Copernicus and Galileo was considered heresy during their lives because it

• linked astronomy to the teachings of Muhammad

• supported the world view of the ancient Greeks

• challenged the secular power of absolute monarchs

• conflicted with the official doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the heliocentric theory became the centerpiece for debate between

• capitalism and communism

• science and religion

• colonialism and nationalism

• isolationism and globalism

Which individual suggested the idea that if a government fails to protect its people's natural rights of life, liberty, and property, the people have the right to overthrow it?

• Karl Marx

• John Locke

• Thomas Hobbes

• Niccolo Machiavelli

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were based on

• efforts to achieve salvation

• faith in human reason

• traditional practices

• the inevitability of poverty

Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.... Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor ....

-Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws

In this passage, Montesquieu is making reference to

• an enlightened despotism

• a policy of mercantilism

• a separation of powers

• a social contract