Chapter 8: DNA

When combining a plant whose genotype is homozygous dominant for a specific trait with one whose genes are heterozygous for that trait, what is the probability of a hybrid offspring in the cross?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 100%

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In humans, the presence of dimples is dominant over a lack of dimples. If a person without dimples (dd) and a person with dimples (Dd) have children, what can be concluded about the genotypes for the offspring?

• There is a 75% chance that the offspring will have dimples.

• There is a 25% chance that the offspring will not have dimples.

• There is a 50% chance the offspring will be dd and a 50% chance they will be Dd.

• There is a 50% chance the offspring will be DD and a 50% chance they will be dd.

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How is it possible for an organism to have a recessive phenotype for a trait such as white flowers in pea plants?

• The organism inherits the recessive allele from one parent.

• The organism inherits the recessive allele from both parents.

• The organism fails to inherit the alleles for the trait from either parent.

• The organism acquires the trait from the environment.

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Huntington’s disease is a recessive disorder in humans. If one parent who suffers from Huntington’s disease is crossed with a heterozygous parent, what is the percent probability that an offspring would suffer from Huntington’s disease?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

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Examine the scenario to answer the question.

Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited disorder that affects young children by causing a breakdown of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. This breakdown causes a child to show slowed mental and physical abilities, which leads to a loss of motor skills, mental functions, and death.

A couple analyzes their family histories of Tay-Sachs disease, and both find that both of their parents had a sibling who died from the disease. Due to the presence of the disease in both of their family histories, the couple visits a genetic counselor before having a child. The genetic counselor analyzes the genetic code of the couple to determine the likelihood that they will pass the gene for Tay-Sachs disease to their child.

After analyzing the genetic code of the couple, the genetic counselor shares that neither person exhibits the disease, but each has the genetic markers for Tay-Sachs disease in their DNA.

What is the percent probability that a child of the couple will exhibit Tay-Sachs disease?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

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Which processes are responsible for cell growth and reproduction?

• mitosis and meiosis

• mitosis and osmosis

• meiosis and photosynthesis

• osmosis and photosynthesis

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A student reads information about the passing of genes from one generation to the next. What can the student conclude about the number of chromosomes in sex cells (egg and sperm)?

• Sex cells have one-fourth the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

• Sex cells have one-half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

• Sex cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

• Sex cells have double the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a lifelong disease that causes high blood pressure, headaches, abdominal pain, blood in the urine, and in some cases kidney failure and death. PKD can be acquired through several pathways. There are two forms of PKD, one that is carried on the dominant allele, and one that is carried on the recessive allele. These two types of PKD are carried through families, which can be mostly predicted and explored through detailed research of family health history. In rare cases, an individual can develop either form of PKD even though there is no family history of the disease. A student predicts that this rare type of PKD is caused by a gene mutation and will likely affect future generations.

Is the student’s claim correct?

• No. The disease is caused by a bacterium, but it will not affect future generations since it is not a lethal disease

• Yes. The disease is caused by a gene mutation, but it will not affect future generations since it is not a lethal disease.

• No. The disease is caused by a bacterium, but it will affect future generations since the bacterium’s DNA will be passed on with the individual’s DNA.

• Yes. The disease is caused by a gene mutation, and it will affect future generations since it is carried on the individual’s DNA.

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A researcher found that the wild species of almond trees contains a chemical called amygdalin. This chemical is converted into cyanide inside the human body and can be lethal. The researcher found that a single gene mutation in some of the wild almond trees resulted in a variety that no longer produced the chemical amygdalin. This variety of almond is largely harvested for human consumption. Based on the study, the researcher claimed that some mutations are beneficial in nature.

Was the claim made by the researcher correct?

• Yes. The mutated variety of almonds was edible.

• No. Not all almond trees produced seeds that were edible.

• No. The mutation did not affect all varieties of almond trees.

• Yes. Almond trees with amygdalin grew only in forests.

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Mutations in DNA are very common since the human body copies millions of pieces of DNA. A student claims that most of these mutations in DNA are harmful.

Is the student’s claim correct?

• Yes. Most mutations stop the cells from functioning properly.

• Yes. Most mutations are inherited and harm future generations.

• No. Most mutations are corrected by enzymes in the body before the mutations take effect.

• No. Most mutations are beneficial.

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