Renaissance, Reformation, Counter Reformation

A reason the Renaissance began in the Italian city-states was that they

• rejected the power of the papacy

• were unified by the Medici family

• had wealth gained from trade with Constantinople

• prevented guilds from functioning

Which philosophy that was developed during the Renaissance is associated with a shift in focus away from religious subjects toward more secular subjects?

• humanism

• absolutism

• imperialism

• Catholicism

Which statement best expresses an idea held by many Renaissance humanist philosophers?

• Power comes from fear and discipline, not love.

• Governments should expand by establishing overseas empires.

• Scholars should dedicate themselves to the study of Christianity and the Bible.

• It is important for individuals to think critically and use evidence to answer worldly questions.

• The introduction of gunpowder helped bring an end to feudalism.

• The printing press played an important role in causing the Reformation.

These statements best reflect the idea that

• environmental changes can affect human society

• contact with other societies can lead to conflict and war

• economic change can be slow and almost unnoticed

• technological advances can lead to major change

How did the work Northern Renaissance artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder differ from that of Italian Renaissance artists?

• He used classical texts to recreate mythological scenes while Italian artists used frescoes.

• His work was commissioned by protestant religious reformers not elite Catholics.

• His work emphasized large numbers of people that captured everyday peasant life not religious events.

• He was concerned with the philosophy of humanism whereas Italian artists emphasized vernacular and secular aspects.

How did painting techniques such as perspective, reflect the ideals of the Renaissance?

• They portrayed women in art which promoted women's rights.

• Realistic portrayals of secular images emphasized individuals which reflected the movement toward humanism.

• The depiction of three dimensional images highlighted ancient Greek and Roman architectural achievements.

• They gave attention to the alternative religious points of view which led to the protestant reformation.

… I conclude, then, returning to being feared and loved, that since men love at their convenience and fear at the convenience of the prince, a wise prince should found himself on what is his, not on what is someone else’s; he should only contrive to avoid hatred, as was said.

This statement is taken from the written work of

• Niccolò Machiavelli

• Ignatius Loyola

• Martin Luther

• Leonardo da Vinci

In The Prince, Niccolò Machiavelli was most concerned with

• the use of political power

• the expansion of church authority

• government regulation of the economy

• equality and justice for all

"A prince must also show himself a lover of merit, give preferment to the able, and honour those who excel in every art. Moreover he must encourage his citizens to follow their callings quietly, whether in commerce, or agriculture, or any other trade that men follow...he should offer rewards to whoever does these things, and to whoever seeks in any way to improve his city or state. " ~Niccolo Machiavelli

Which best describes the advice given by Machiavelli?

• Rule with an iron hand in a velvet glove.

• Do not show weakness nor fear, and grant few freedoms to your subject.

• Keep your friends close,and your enemies closer. Trust no one.

• Reward hard work and patriotism.

How did the revolution in printing contribute to increased global interaction during the Renaissance?

• by making it easier to spread ideas

• by increasing profits from publishing

• by requiring people to read scripture

• by providing free books to all people