Cognition Review

Mr. Krohn, a carpenter, is frustrated because he misplaced his hammer and needs to pound in the last nail in the bookcase he is building. He overlooks the fact that he could use the tennis trophy sitting about the workbench to pound in the nail. Which concept best explains why Mr. Krohn overlooked the trophy?

• representativeness heuristic

• retrieval

• functional fixedness

• belief bias

• divergent thinking

Phonemes and morphemes refer to

• elements of telegraphic speech toddlers use

• elements of language

• building blocks of concepts

• basic elements of memories stored in long-term memory

• two types of influences language has on thought according to the linguistic relativity hypothesis

Which example would be better explained by the levels of processing model than the information processing model?

• Someone says your name across the room and you switch your attention away from the conversation you are having

• You forget part of a list you were trying to memorize for a test

• While visiting with your grandmother, you recall one of your favorite childhood toys

• You are able to remember verbatim a riddle you worked on for a few days before you figured out the answer

• You pay less attention to the smell of your neighbor's cologne than to the professor's lecture in your college class

Contrary to what Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis originally predicted, what effect does recent research indicate language has on the way we think?

• Since we think in language, the language we understand limits what we have the ability to think about

• Language is a tool of thought but does not limit our cognition

• The labels we apply affect our thoughts

• The words in each language affect our ability to think because we are restricted to the words each language uses.

• The linguistic relativity hypothesis predicts that how quickly we acquire language correlates with our cognitive ability.

Which of the following is an example of the use of the representativeness heuristic?

• Judging that a young person is more likely to be the instigator of an argument than an older person, because you believe younger people are more likely to start fights

• Breaking a math story problem down into smaller, representative parts, in order to solve it

• Judging a situation by a rule that is usually, but not always, true

• Solving a problem with a rule that guarantees the right, more representative, answer

• Making a judgment according to past experiences that are most easily recalled, therefore representative of experience.

Which of the following is the most complete list of elements in the three-box/informational processing model?

• sensory memory, constructive memory, working memory, and long-term memory

• short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory

• shallow processing, deep processing, and retrieval

• sensory memory, encoding, working memory, and retrieval

• sensory memory, working memory, encoding, long-term memory, and retrieval

Which of the following is an effective method for testing whether a memory is actually true or whether it is a constructed memory?

• checking to see whether it was deeply processed or shallowly processed

• testing to see if the memory was encoded from sensory memory into working memory

• using a PET scan to see if the memory is stored in the hippocampus

• using other evidence, such a written records, to substantiate the memory

• there is no way to tell the difference between a true memory and a constructed one.

One of the ways memories are physically stored in the brain is by what process?

• deep processing, which increases levels of neurotransmitters in the hippocampus

• encoding, which stimulates electric activity in the hippocampus

• long-term potentiation, which strengthens connections between neurons

• selective attention, which increases myelination of memory neurons

• rehearsal, which causes the brain to devote more neurons to what is being rehearsed

According to the nativist theory, language is acquired

• by parents reinforcing correct language use

• using an inborn ability to learn language at a certain development stage

• best in the language and culture native to the child and parents

• only if formal language instruction is provided in the child's native language

• best through the phonics instructional method, because children retain how to pronounce all the phonemes required for the language

According to the three-box/information-processing model, stimuli from our outside environment is first stored in

• working memory

• the hippocampus

• the thalamus

• sensory memory

• selective attention