Unit 4: Learning- AP Psych

Negative reinforcement _______ the rate of a response; punishment ______ the rate of a response.

• Increases; decreases
• Decreases; increases
• Decreases; decreases
• Increases; does not affect

The behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be the one that was:

• Reinforced every time it occurred 
• Shaped
• Reinforced intermittently
• Reinforced by your parents

Which of the following scenarios illustrates a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

• Receiving a paycheck every two weeks
• Holding regular, but unpredictable, fire drills
• Earning a prize for every five books read in the library’s summer reading program
• Receiving five additional vacation days for each year of employment at a company

John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____________ in their study.

• discriminative stimulus
• conditioned stimulus
• unconditioned stimulus
• extinguished stimulus

Anything that seeks to continue a desired behavior by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of undesired stimulus is called __.

• Negative Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Positive Reinforcement
• Partial Reinforcement

Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become tainted from being in the sun too long.  Not long after eating, Brian became extremely nauseated and felt awful.  After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated.  In this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?

• tuna
• nausea
• mayo
• sight of any sandwich

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate it. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

• intrinsic motivation

• spontaneous recovery

• biological predispositions

• conditioned reinforcers

Maddie gets a speeding ticket, and her parents take her car away for 2 weeks. What type of Operational Conditioning is taking place?

• positive punishment

• negative punishment

• positive reinforcement

• negative reinforcement

 Leah is interested in helping her daughter learn manners. Each time her daughter says something that is close to appropriate, she rewards her. Eventually, her daughter should learn good manners. What term is explained by this process?

• shaping
• habituation 

 When an animal receives a punishment but learns that pressing a button will eliminate the punishment, escape learning takes place. However, if there is no response that will turn off the shock, the situation is best described as what?

• avoidance learning
• learned helplessness