APUSH P8 REMEDIATION

This effective campaign ad most directly reflects which of the following developments in the twentieth century?

• new educational initiatives for girls and women

• increased awareness of the dangers of DDT and other pesticides

• fear of nuclear war

• the growth of the religious right

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Lewis Mumford on Suburbanization

“In the mass movement into suburban areas a new kind of community was produced, which caricatured both the historic city and the archetypal suburban refuge: a multitude of uniform, unidentifiable houses, lined up inflexibly, at uniform distances, on uniform roads, in a treeless communal waste, inhabited by people of the same class, the same income, the same age group, witnessing the same television performances, eating the same tasteless pre-fabricated foods, from the same freezers, conforming in every outward and inward respect to a common mold, manufactured in the central metropolis. Thus the ultimate effect of the suburban escape in our time is, ironically, a low-grade uniform environment from which escape is impossible. What has happened to the suburban exodus in the United States now threatens, through the same mechanical instrumentalities, to take place, at an equally accelerating rate, everywhere else—unless the most vigorous countermeasures are taken…”

Which of the following could best serve as evidence to support Mumford’s contentions in the excerpt?

• the explosive growth of television and television sales

• (the growth of organizations like Little League and the PTA

• Levittown’s refusal to sell homes to African Americans

• personalization of suburban homes through paint color and structural changes

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Joseph McCarthy, Wheeling, West Virginia speech, 1950

“This is a time of the “cold war.” This is a time when all the world is split into two vast, increasingly hostile armed camps…The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores, but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. It has not been the less fortunate or members of minority groups who have been selling this Nation out, but rather those who have had all the benefits that the wealthiest nation on earth has to offer—the finest homes, the finest college education, and the finest jobs in Government. This is glaringly true in the State Department. There the bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the ones who have been the worst…I have in my hand 57 cases of individuals who would appear to be either card carrying members or certainly loyal to the Communist Party, but who nevertheless are still helping to shape our foreign policy…This will end only when the whole sorry mess of twisted, warped thinkers are swept from the national scene so that we may have a new birth of national honesty and decency in government.”

Which of the following was a consequence of the New Red Scare of the 1950s?

• the formation of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

• the purging of communists from most labor unions and civil rights organizations

• President Dwight Eisenhower’s direct challenge of McCarthy through the use of executive power

• President Harry Truman’s attempts to stop FBI director J. Edgar Hoover in his pursuit of subversives

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: Executive Order 9981: Desegregation of the Armed Forces (1948)

“WHEREAS it is essential that there be maintained in the armed services of the United States the highest standards of democracy, with equality of treatment and opportunity for all those who serve in our country’s defense:

NOW, THEREFORE, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, by the Constitution and the statutes of the United States, and as Commander-in-Chief of the armed services, it is hereby ordered as follows:

1. It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin. This policy shall be put into effect as rapidly as possible, having due regard to the time required to effectuate any necessary changes without impairing efficiency or morale.

2. There shall be created in the National Military Establishment an advisory committee to be known as the President’s Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, which shall be composed of seven members to be designated by the President.

3. The Committee is authorized on behalf of the President to examine into the rules, procedures and practices of the armed services in order to determine in what respect such rules, procedures and practices may be altered or improved with a view to carrying out the policy of this order…”

Which of the following most directly prompted President Truman to issue this Executive Order?

• his belief that the Soviet Union was using the American record on civil rights to gain new adherents in developing countries

• his assumption that South would quickly fall into line after he issued the order

• his long history of pushing for civil rights for African-Americans

• his concern that the Republican Party were making gains among African-American voters in the North

DOCUMENT EXCERPT: John F. Kennedy, Cuban Missile Crisis Address, 1962

“Good evening, my fellow citizens. This Government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet military build-up on the island of Cuba. Within the past week unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purposes of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere…Each of these missiles, in short, is capable of striking Washington, D. C., the Panama Canal, Cape Canaveral, Mexico City, or any other city in the southeastern part of the United States, in Central America, or in the Caribbean area…In addition, jet bombers, capable of carrying nuclear weapons, are now being uncrated and assembled in Cuba, while the necessary air bases are being prepared. This urgent transformation of Cuba into an important strategic base—by the presence of these large, long-range, and clearly offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction—constitutes an explicit threat to the peace and security of all the Americas…This action also contradicts the repeated assurances of Soviet spokesmen, both publicly and privately delivered, that the arms build-up in Cuba would retain its original defensive character and that the Soviet Union had no need or desire to station strategic missiles on the territory of any other nation…But this secret, swift, and extraordinary build-up of Communist missiles—in an area well known to have a special and historical relationship to the United States and the nations of the Western Hemisphere, in violation of Soviet assurances, and in defiance of American and hemispheric policy…is a deliberately provocative and unjustifiable change in the status quo which cannot be accepted by this country if our courage and our commitments are ever to be trusted again by either friend or foe.”

The excerpt’s assertion that the missile build-up violated an area that had a “special and historical relationship to the United States” is most directly related to which of the following?

• the Bracero Program

• the Monroe Doctrine

• the Berlin Airlift

• the Bay of Pigs incident

Which of the following contributed most directly to the passage of the Voting Rights Act?

• the election of President Johnson in 1964

• the endorsement of leading white Southern Democrats

• its inclusion in the slate of LBJ’s Great Society programs

• the violent response to voting rights demonstrations in Selma, Alabama

How did the Vietnam War affect U.S. race relations?

• There was little relationship between the war and racial tensions.

• Blacks abandoned the civil rights movement to focus on the antiwar movement.

• Black veterans were given preferential treatment for managerial positions upon their return to the U.S.

• Convinced that they were being sent on the most dangerous missions, black soldiers became increasingly angry.