Ch 18/19 Quiz/Test

According to the cladogram, which of these organisms appeared before all the others?

• mosses

• a plant with vascular tissue

• an organism that developed from an embryo

• a plant that made seeds

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What conclusion about flowers is supported by the evidence in the cladogram?

• Flowers evolved more recently than seeds and vascular tissue.

• Flowering plants have a reproductive advantage over cone-bearing plants.

• Most plants alive today produce flowers.

• Flowers are a trait of living plant species, but not extinct species.

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Which of the following is an example of a situation that could cause evolutionary change that is not due to natural selection?

• A volcano erupts and kills many individuals in a population.

• A mutation in a population of red starfish produces red-orange starfish that are less visible to predators.

• An insecticide is sprayed in a community to combat mosquitoes.

• Cattle are treated with antibiotics to prevent the spread of infections.

A population that is isolated in a remote environment is still able to experience genetic variation. How could genetic variation that contributes to evolution occur in such a population?

• A mutation in a liver cell produces liver cancer.

• Lateral gene transfer occurs that produces an organism that is less resilient to drought.

• A mutation in an egg cell causes a change in DNA that produces an organism that is more sensitive to sun exposure.

• A mistake in DNA replication prior to meiosis produces an organism that is better able to outrun predators.

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Two students are studying plants to determine the closest relatives to cone-bearing plants. Which conclusion could they make based on the cladogram?

• Cone-bearing plants are most closely related to ferns because they both have vascular tissues.

• Cone-bearing plants are most closely related to ferns because they share the most recent common ancestor.

• Cone-bearing plants are most closely related to flowering plants because they both have flowers.

• Cone-bearing plants are most closely related to flowering plants because they share the most recent common ancestor.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-1

Scientists struggled with classifying red pandas and giant pandas because they have physical similarities to both raccoons and bears. How has the availability of DNA evidence affected the evolutionary classification of organisms such as the pandas?

• Organisms with the most shared derived genetic characters are considered the most closely related.

• Organisms with the most shared derived genetic characters are classified in the most clades.

• Derived genetic characters can be used to identify evolutionary relationships, but only if organisms have some shared physical characteristics.

• DNA analysis has confirmed species classifications based on derived physical characters, but no new classifications have been suggested.

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Scientists want to estimate the time when two species began evolving separately from a common ancestor. What would be the most useful strategy for calculating this estimate?

• comparing DNA sequences from each species for the same gene

• comparing DNA sequences from each species for different genes

• comparing the length, size, or weight of an average member of each species

• identifying the traits of the common ancestor

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Compared to the Linnaean system of classification, what is the advantage of classifying species into clades?

• Clades show evolutionary relationships.

• Clades identify domains and kingdoms.

• Clades group single-celled organisms separately from multicellular organisms.

• Clades include more species.

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Scientists once classified a diverse group of eukaryotic species into kingdom Protista. However, in modern evolutionary classification, protists are not grouped together in their own clade, and the concept of kingdom Protista has little meaning.

Which statement about protists explains its revised classification?

• All protists evolved from a common eukaryotic ancestor.

• The common ancestor of protists gave rise to many other types of eukaryotes.

• Although most protists are unicellular, some species are multicellular.

• Traits evolved in protists that do not appear in other eukaryotic species.

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Scientists apply the concept of a molecular clock to estimate the time two species evolved separately. What evidence is most useful for this estimation?

• common traits of the two species

• homologies among the two species

• DNA sequence differences between the two species

• DNA fingerprinting of common fossils