Respiratory System

In mammals, what process allows the gas exchange of both oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane?

• active transport

• sodium- potassium pump

• osmosis

• simple diffusion

What is the process called when air moves in and out of the lungs?

• external respiration

• internal respiration

• internal ventilation

• pulmonary ventilation

Smoking can cause a form of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) referred to as emphysema, a serious lung disease. How do smoking and emphysema impact the respiratory system’s ability to exchange gasses?

• Gas exchange in the trachea is prevented.

• The rate of diaphragm contraction is slowed down.

• The surface area needed for gas exchange in alveoli is decreased.

• Cilia are prevented from removing debris from the respiratory system.

In the lungs, carbon dioxide from the blood is exchanged for oxygen in the air. The carbon dioxide leaves the body as we exhale. Which of the following describes how the oxygen is transported to cells in the body after inhalation?

• The oxygen is dissolved in the plasma.

• Leukocytes in the plasma attach to the oxygen.

• Oxygen attaches to the iron in hemoglobin in red blood cells.

• The globulin portion of hemoglobin in red blood cells carries the oxygen.

The structure of the respiratory system is designed for gas exchange. Which of the following describes how structures in the respiratory system are designed to allow for gas exchange?

• The bronchi branch into bronchioles that fill the lungs.

• The alveoli are made of a single layer of permeable cells surrounded by capillaries.

• The nasal cavity is lined with cells that produce mucous to trap particles present in air as it is inhaled.

• The trachea is lined with cilia to sweep out particles trapped in mucous lining the tracheal walls.

Emphysema is a lung disease in which the alveoli in both lungs slowly break down. Which of the following would be a direct result of this disease?

• less particulate matter would be trapped by mucous in the alveoli

• alveoli would be unable to distribute air equally throughout the lungs

• capillaries surrounding the alveoli would absorb excess carbon dioxide

• lower amounts of oxygen would diffuse across the membranes of alveoli into the bloodstream

What would increase the rate of oxygen exchange in the alveoli of the lungs?

• an increase in hemoglobin in the bloodstream

• a decrease in erythrocytes in the bloodstream

• a decrease in pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli

• an increase in oxygen concentrations in the pulmonary capillaries

What is the correct organizational sequence of lung inspiration?

1. Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
2. The size of the thoracic cavity increases
3. External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume

• 1,2,3

• 3,2,1

• 2,1,3

• 2,3,1

When carbon dioxide levels in the blood rise, a fall in blood pH levels causes the brain to initiate pulmonary ventilation by:

• stimulating erythrocytes to grow larger

• stimulate alveoli to grow larger

• stimulating the diaphragm to contract increasing lung volume

• stimulating the diaphragm to relax decreasing blood volume

For the following question, assume a constant body temperature. Which of the following best describes the relationship between pressure and volume in pulmonary ventilation?

• pressure is unrelated to volume

• pressure is directly proportional to volume

• pressure will fluctuate relative to the volume

• pressure is inversely proportional to volume