Psychology - Learning/Conditioning/Memory

Who is most closely associated with classical conditioning?

• John Watson

• Ivan Pavlov

• B.F. Skinner

• John Garcia

Marcel sat at a cafe eating the best croissant he had ever tasted. He begins frequenting the café to order the croissants. He hardly notices the jingling of the cash register just before the clerk hands him the croissant. Now every time he hears the same kind of jingling from another cash register, his mouth waters. Marcel's learning is an example of

• operant conditioning

• latent learning

• observational learning

• classical conditioning

In classical conditioning, if you combine a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus will become a(n)

• unconditioned stimulus.

• conditioned stimulus

• unconditioned response.

• conditioned response

Lydia sees a behavioral therapist to eliminate her fear of heights. After several sessions, Lydia is successful. A year later, however, Lydia's fear of heights suddenly returns. Lydia has experienced

• spontaneous recovery.

• stimulus generalization.

• extinction.

• stimulus discrimination.

Through classical conditioning, Alyce has developed a fear of mice. She also shows a fear response to gerbils and hamsters. Alyce is demonstrating

• stimulus discrimination

• spontaneous recovery.

• stimulus generalization

• reconditioning

An animal has been classically conditioned to fear a red light that has been paired with an electric shock. It then becomes conditioned to fear a blue light that has been paired with the red light. This is an example of

• higher order conditioning

• spontaneous recovery

• stimulus discrimination

• stimulus generalization

Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

• Positive reinforcement leads to strengthening of response, while negative reinforcement leads to weakening of response.

• Some reinforcers are rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs, while other reinforcers acquire reward value through experience

• Superstitious behavior can be learned through coincidental association of responses and reinforcements

• Extinction is achieved by no longer reinforcing the desired response.

Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as ______, while removal of an aversive stimulus serves as ______.

• positive punishment / negative punishment

• negative punishment / positive punishment

• negative reinforcement / positive reinforcement

• positive reinforcement / negative reinforcement

A child receives a dime for, on average, every 5 dandelions he pulls from the yard. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

• fixed ratio

• variable ratio

• fixed interval

• variable interval

Mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of the solution occurs is referred to as

• shaping

• insight learning

• latent learning

• trial and error learning