Criminology 2.1 Individualistic/Learning Theories

Individualistic Theories include (select 3)

• Learning Theories

• Genetic

• Psychological

• Psychodynamic

Bandora proposed that (choose two)

• Aggression was more likely to be imitated if children saw an adult model get rewarded for doing so

• Aggression was a learnt behaviour like anything else

• Aggression was less likely to be imitated if children saw the adult model get rewarded for doing so

• Aggression was innate

Bandora's research highlights the need for censorship of the media in order to protect children from violence.

• True

• False

Sutherland proposed that 3 things could be learnt (choose the correct three below)

• A sense of belonging from the group

• Criminal Skills

• A lack of identity

• Criminal Attitudes

Sutherland is supported by the fact that individuals who get involved in crime do generally grow up within criminal households or criminal peers.

• True

• False

Freud believed that early childhood was crucial in shaping adult personalities

• True

• False

The ID

• Develops at around 1 year of age and is the decision maker

• Is the part of personality we are born with and is primitive

• Develops around the age of 4 and is our sense of right and wrong

The EGO

• Develops at around 1 year of age and is the decision maker

• Is the part of personality we are born with and is primitive

• Develops around the age of 4 and is our sense of right and wrong

The Superego

• Develops at around 1 year of age and is the decision maker

• Is the part of personality we are born with and is primitive

• Develops around the age of 4 and is our sense of right and wrong

Two accurate discussion points about Freud are (choose 2)

• Psychodynamic theory stresses the importance of early childhood experiences, relationships with parents/carers and how this may affect adult personality and behaviour. This is now known as developmental Psychology.

• Psychodynamic theories of offending are widely accepted by psychologists as there is the no difficulty associated with testing some of the concepts.

• Freud’s belief that personality can be broken into three distinct elements may relate to a more contemporary understanding of the brain with the ID being linked to emotion and the amygdala and the ego being similar to the prefrontal cortex where decisions are made.

• Secondly, psychodynamic researchers rely heavily on qualitative case studies which are very scientific and support Freud's work