Unit 3.5

THERE is an idea, . . . that a vigorous Executive is inconsistent with the genius of republican government....Energy in the Executive is a leading character in the definition of good government. . . . Every man the least conversant in Roman story, knows how often that republic was obliged to take refuge in the absolute power of a single man, . . . against the invasions of external enemies who menaced the conquest and destruction of Rome.

-- Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Paper #70, 1788

Based on the information in the excerpt, which characteristic of the Roman republic is evident in the U.S. government?

• Judges

• A president

• Legal codes

• Legislative bodies

“What Athens was in miniature America will be in magnitude.” -- Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, 1791

Which characteristic of classical Greek civilization was Thomas Paine most likely referring to in the quote?

• The life-long military service

• The use of democratic elections

• The creation of an oligarchy

• The use of oracles for advice

[N]o single citizen should stand on such an eminence that he could not be required to answer according to law. Nothing contributed more towards maintaining liberty for all than the power of putting the most powerful citizen on his trial. What business, it was asked . . . could be entrusted to any man, if he had not to render an account for it? If a man cannot submit to laws which are the same for all, no force which may be employed against him is unlawful.

-- Livy, “The Trial of Scipio,” The History of Rome, circa 28 B.C.

Based on the information in the excerpt, in what way did the trial of a war hero exemplify Roman legal traditions?

• It proved that a trial by a jury was common

• It illustrated the idea that no citizen was above the law

• It demonstrated the importance of having lawyers in trials

• It showed a commitment to protecting the innocence of the accused

Roman society remained staunchly male until conquests brought wealth to Italy in the second century B.C.E. Changes that accompanied the booty of empire gave women a measure of economic and marital independence that is illustrated by a loosening of legal restriction against women’s property ownership.

—Sarah Shaver Hughes and Brady Hughes, Women in Ancient Civilizations, 2005

Based on the information in the excerpt, how did the role of women in Roman society change during the classical period?

• Roman women became landowners.

• Roman women started voting in elections.

• Roman women began serving in the army.

• Roman women began serving in the legislatures.

Statues such as this are commonly found in many countries which trace their cultural roots to western civilization because it reflects the —

• tradition of laws and legal principles as the basis of social order

• significance of fairness in western cultural sporting competitions

• polytheist teachings that characterize western religious traditions

• importance western culture places on the equality of men and women

Which accomplishment of Roman engineering is demonstrated by the artifact?

• Ramps

• Columns

• Arches

• Domes

*Calculation of Earth’s true size

*Calculation of Earth’s circumference

*Ideas of latitude and longitude

*Democracy as a political system

The ideas listed above originated in which civilization?

• Han China

• Classical Rome

• Persian Empire

• Classical Greece

Which of the following was politically characteristic of many civilizations during the Classical

Era (500BC-600AD)?

• Voting rights were given to more and more people.

• Representative governments evolved throughout the world.

• Small feudal kingdoms spread across Eurasia.

• Complex empires with bureaucracies developed.

How did the Roman idea of citizenship facilitate political stability throughout Roman

territories?

• Romans granted citizenship to both men and women.

• Romans extended citizenship to powerful landowners.

• Romans allowed conquered peoples to become citizens.

• Romans educated citizens about representative government.

The establishment of a Hellenistic empire by Alexander is considered a great achievement

because it —

• allowed for Christianity to emerge in a peaceful Greek empire

• promoted the early development of democracy in Greece

• brought about the establishment of the first Greek city-states

• facilitated the spread and preservation of Greek knowledge