3.3.10.2 Electrophilic substitution

The nitration of benzene uses a nitrating mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid.

HNO₃ + 2H₂SO₄ → NO₂⁺ + H₃O⁺ + 2HSO₄^–

Which statement is correct?

• HNO₃ acts as a base.

• HNO₃ acts as a catalyst.

• HNO₃ acts as an electrophile.

• HNO₃ acts as a reducing agent.

Ethanoyl chloride reacts with methylbenzene forming compound X according to the equation below.

If the experimental yield is 40.0%, the mass in grams of X (M_r = 134.0) formed from 18.4 g of methylbenzene (M_r = 92.0) is

• 26.8

• 16.1

• 10.7

• 7.4

In a reaction which gave a 27.0% yield, 5.00 g of methylbenzene were converted into the explosive 2,4,6-trinitromethylbenzene (TNT) (M_r = 227.0). The mass of TNT formed was

• 1.35 g

• 3.33 g

• 3.65 g

• 12.34 g

In which one of the reactions is the role of the reagent stated correctly?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Which one of the following can react both by nucleophilic addition and by nucleophilic substitution?

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• 
• 
•