Interim 2 review

In the diagram below, X represents a process that causes a protein to unfold and stop functioning.

Process X is most likely caused by

• the digestion of the amino acids that make up the proteins

• the synthesis of a protein with different simple sugars

• removal of the gene that codes for the production of the protein

• an internal factor in the body, such as a temperature increase

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Many disorders are due to the inability of an individual to break down a particular chemical. Sometimes these disorders can be treated by giving the affected individual the appropriate

• enzymes

• antigens

• chromosomes

• organelles

Mad cow disease is a fatal disease that destroys brain tissue. Researchers have found that a prion protein, which is an abnormally constructed molecule, is responsible. Which statement best describes the characteristics a protein must have to function correctly?

• A protein is a long chain of amino acids folded into a specific shape.

• A protein is a long chain of simple sugars folded into a specific shape.

• A protein is made of amino acids synthesized into a short, circular chain.

• A protein is made of simple sugars synthesized into a short, circular chain.

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Base your answer on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a portion of a starch molecule.

The building blocks for this molecule are

• amino acids

• simple sugars

• fats

• molecular bases

The two diagrams below represent a sugar molecule and a fat molecule that are used by living organisms.

Which statement best describes these two molecules?

• Sugar molecules are inorganic and fat molecules are organic.

• Sugar molecules are organic and fat molecules are inorganic.

• Energy for life processes can be stored within the chemical bonds of both molecules.

• Energy for life processes can be stored within the chemical bonds of sugar molecules, only.

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Cell membranes are said to be selectively permeable. Which statement best explains what selectively permeable means?

• The cell membrane prevents any harmful substance from entering the cell.

• The cell membrane lets certain substances enter the cell and keeps certain substances out of the cell.

• The cell membrane allows only large molecules to diffuse into the cell.

• The cell membrane has pores that let only water and glucose into the cell and carbon dioxide out.

A fully functioning enzyme molecule is arranged in a complex three-dimensional shape. This shape determines the

• specific type of molecule it interacts with during a reaction

• rate at which the enzyme breaks down during a reaction it regulates

• pH of all body systems

• temperature of the products of the reaction it regulates

Base your answer on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Harmless Skin Virus Fights Acne

...Acne is caused when hair follicles become blocked with an oily substance called sebum, which the body makes to stop the hair and skin from drying out.

Normally harmless bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes, that live on the skin can then contaminate and infect the plugged follicles.

Phages [a type of virus] appear to help counteract this.

When the scientists sequenced the DNA coding of the phages, they discovered that, as well as sharing most of their genetic material, the viruses all had some key features in common.

All carry a gene that makes a protein called endolysin – an enzyme thought to destroy bacteria by breaking down their cell walls.

And unlike antibiotics, which kill many types of bacteria, including "good" ones that live in our gut, phages are programmed to target only specific bacteria...

Source: BBC News September 25, 2012

The protein endolysin belongs to which group of chemical substances?

• hormones

• receptors

• biological catalysts

• molecular bases

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The diagram represents red blood cells placed in three test tubes, each containing a different salt solution.

Which statement best describes solution C?

• The concentration of dissolved salt in the solution is greater than the concentration in the cells.

• The concentration of dissolved salt in the solution is less than the concentration in the cells.

• The concentration of water in the solution is greater than the concentration in the cells.

• The concentration of water in the solution is equal to the concentration in the cells.

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The diagram represents red blood cells placed in three test tubes, each containing a different salt solution.

Which solution would be most similar in concentration to the normal internal environment of the human circulatory system?

• solution A, only

• solution B, only

• solutions A and B

• solutions A and C

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