Analyze Structures in Text

What should you look at when analyzing the structure of a piece of text?

• the genre of writing

• the author's purpose

• the types of transition word

• all of the above

What type of writing has the following literary elements: characters, conflict, setting and plot?

• nonfiction

• technical

• fiction

• poetry

If you saw words such as, "unlike, "as well as", "on the other hand", and "in contrast", what would you think the author's purpose was?

• to persuade

• to compare

• to entertain

• wouldn't be able to tell

Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier were papermakers, but the had been interest in flying for many years. One night, in 1782, Joseph noticed something that gave him an idea. He was sitting in front of the fire when he saw some small pieces of scorched paper being carried up the chimney.

Soon afterwards, the brothers conducted an experiment. They lit a fire under a small silk bag, which was open at the bottom; at once, the bag rose to the ceiling. After this, Stephen and Joseph conducted many more experiments, both indoors and in the open air. Eventually, they build a huge balloon of linen and paper. On June 5, 1783, they launched their balloon in the village of Annonay.

What would change this passage into an essay?

• adding an introduction paragraph and a conclusion

• adding more details to the experiments

• adding nothing, it is already and essay

• rewriting it as a personal narrative

What type of text structure is used in the passage?

• sequence

• compare/contrast

• cause/effect

• description

The Emperor Penguin is the only penguin species that breeds during the Antarctic winter. It treks 31-75 miles over the ice to bredding colonies, which may include thousand of penguins. The female lays a single egg, which is then incubated by the male while the female returns to the sea to feed; parents subsequently take turns foraging at sea and caring for their chick in the colony. The average lifespan of the Emperor Penguin is 20 years, although observations suggest that some Emperor Penguins may live to 50 years of age.

What type of text structure is used in the passage above?

• sequence

• compare / contrast

• description

• cause / effect

Archaeology is the study of past human life and culture through systematically examining and interpreting the material remains left behind. These material remains include archaeological sites (e.g settlements, building features, graves), as well as cultural material or artifacts such as tools and pottery. Through the interpretation and classification of archaeological materials, archaeologists work to understand past human behavior. In some countries, archaeology is often historical or art historical, with a strong emphasis on Culture history, archaeological sites, and artifacts such as art objects. In the New World, archaeology can be wither a part of history and classical studies or anthropology.

The exact origins of archaeology as a discipline are uncertain. Excavations of ancient monuments and the collection of antiquities have been taking place for thousands of years. It was only in the 19th century, however, that the systematic study of the past through its physical remains underwent professionalization, which meant it began to be carried our in a manner recognizable to modern students of archaeology.

"Archaeology is the study of past human life and culture through systematically examining and interpreting the material remains left behind."

The author uses this as the opening line to his article in order to:

Select the 2 correct choices

• give the reader a base to build their understanding of archaeology

• tell why archaeology is important

• give the reader an idea of what the article is going to be about

• to show cause and effect

Archaeology is the study of past human life and culture through systematically examining and interpreting the material remains left behind. These material remains include archaeological sites (e.g settlements, building features, graves), as well as cultural material or artifacts such as tools and pottery. Through the interpretation and classification of archaeological materials, archaeologists work to understand past human behavior. In some countries, archaeology is often historical or art historical, with a strong emphasis on Culture history, archaeological sites, and artifacts such as art objects. In the New World, archaeology can be wither a part of history and classical studies or anthropology.

The exact origins of archaeology as a discipline are uncertain. Excavations of ancient monuments and the collection of antiquities have been taking place for thousands of years. It was only in the 19th century, however, that the systematic study of the past through its physical remains underwent professionalization, which meant it began to be carried our in a manner recognizable to modern students of archaeology.

"Through the interpretation and classification of archaeological materials, archaeologists work to understand past human behavior."

Why is the sentence included?

• to show the technical side of archaeology

• to give and example of why archaeology is important

• to show the process of archaeology

• to show how archaeology has changed

Archaeology is the study of past human life and culture through systematically examining and interpreting the material remains left behind. These material remains include archaeological sites (e.g settlements, building features, graves), as well as cultural material or artifacts such as tools and pottery. Through the interpretation and classification of archaeological materials, archaeologists work to understand past human behavior. In some countries, archaeology is often historical or art historical, with a strong emphasis on Culture history, archaeological sites, and artifacts such as art objects. In the New World, archaeology can be wither a part of history and classical studies or anthropology.

The exact origins of archaeology as a discipline are uncertain. Excavations of ancient monuments and the collection of antiquities have been taking place for thousands of years. It was only in the 19th century, however, that the systematic study of the past through its physical remains underwent professionalization, which meant it began to be carried our in a manner recognizable to modern students of archaeology.

"Excavations of ancient monuments and the collections of antiquities have been taking place for thousand of years."

Why is the sentence included?

• to show that archaeology is not something that was supported long ago

• to show that archaeology is a fairly modern concept

• to clarify what archaeology is

• to explain that some form of archaeology has been happening for a very long time

Marathon

Training for a marathon takes hard work and perseverance. It is not something you can do on the spur of the moment. Preparing for a marathon takes months, particularly if you have never run a marathon before. The official distance of a full marathon is 26.2 miles. In 2005, the average time to complete a marathon in the United States was 4 hours 32 minutes 8 seconds for men and 5 hours 6 minutes 8 seconds for women.

Most people who run marathons are not trying to win. Many runners try to beat their own best time. Some

compare their time to other runners in the same gender and age group. Some people set time-oriented goals,

such as finishing under four hours, while others try to complete the race without slowing to a walk. Many

beginners simply hope to finish the marathon.

Trainers recommend that beginners maintain a consistent running schedule for six weeks prior to even starting a marathon training program. The purpose of this is to allow the body to adapt to the various physical demands of long distance running. First-time marathon runners should train by running four days a week for at least four months, increasing distance by no more than ten percent weekly. As race day approaches, runners should taper their runs, reducing the strain on their bodies and resting before the marathon. It is important not to over exert yourself during training because that can lead to lot of injuries. Most common injuries are spraining of the knees and ankles. These sprains can hinder the training.

Before the race, it is important to stretch in order to keep muscles limber. Staying hydrated is also important, but there is a danger in drinking too much water. If a runner drinks too much water, they may experience a dangerous condition called hyponatremia, a drop of sodium levels in the blood. So only drink water when you are thirsty. During the race, trainers recommend maintaining a steady pace. It is normal to feel sore after a marathon. Light exercise will help sore muscles heal faster.

Some people run marathons in pairs or groups. Training for and running a marathon with another person or group of people can make the experience more enjoyable and more rewarding. A running partner might be just the motivation you need to show up for an early morning run instead of rolling over to hit the snooze button. And, when you cross the finish line together, you can share the satisfaction of reaching your common goal.

Usually, thousands of people sign up and run a Marathon. Most people finish the race. The thrill of running a

marathon for the first time is unbelievable. The training sessions are harder if you have never run before. But

it is unbelievable what ones’ body can do when one puts their mind to it. Having a good coach to support you

makes all the difference in training for a marathon.

The daily runs are very important. Strength training and core training are also very important.

The health benefits you gain from training are tremendous. Your core muscles grow stronger, and you will have tighter thighs and gluts. Your heart will be much stronger, and you can maintain lower cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Over all, you will look better and become healthier.

Nothing can explain how people feel when they reach that finish line at the end of the race. All the hard work and months of training feel worthwhile. The feeling of complishing something great overtakes you. It is great to run a marathon, but it is even greater to finish it.

"Nothing can explain how people feel when they reach that finish line at the end of the race. All the hard work and months of training feel worthwhile."

These two sentences are included in the conclusion to:

• leave the reader with a positive reason to run a marathon

• persuade the reader that anyone can run a marathon

• show the reader that anyone can run a marathon

• change the tone of the article