Cognition

The term "cognition" includes

• thinking, problem solving, reasoning, and dreaming.
• classical and instrumental conditioning.
• the use of memory systems.
• an active process by which sensory input is selected, organized, and integrated.

A problem-solving rule or procedure that, when followed step by step, assures that a correct solution will be found is known as:

• mental set
• trial and error
• algorithm
• insight

A(n) ________ represents a general principle that guides problem solving, though it does not guarantee a correct solution.

• mental set
• heuristic
• algorithm
• insight
  

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to

• save time in arriving at solutions to problems.
• avoid the issue of functional fixedness.
• yield more accurate solutions to problems.
• involve greater reliance on language skills.

The tendency to attend to evidence that confirms our expectations is called:

• hindsight bias
• confirmation bias
• anchor bias
• overconfidence bias

To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of: 

• the availability heuristic.
• functional fixedness.
• an algorithm.
• the representativeness heuristic.

A mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):

• Prototype
• Concept
• Algorithm
• Heuristic

Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:

• Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
• Cling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
• Search randomly through alternative solutions when problem solving
• Look for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs

Prototypes are

• our best visual examples for concepts.

• our desires and interests.

• our imaginary friends.

• our ideals, morals, and values.

Marilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered by

• Functional fixedness

• The overconfidence phenomenon

• A mental set

• Her lack of a prototype for the solution