Bio I: Midterm Exam Study Guide #76-100

The structures of a cell nucleus and the surrounding endoplasmic reticulum are shown below. There are two regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) — a rough region and a smooth region — that differ in structure and function. Although both types of ER are composed of the same type of membrane, rough ER consists of flattened sacs that are studded with ribosomes, while smooth ER forms a series of tubules that lack ribosomes.

The structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum _____________ the amount of surface area available for the synthesis of _____________________.

• increases, proteins

• decreases, proteins

• increases, carbohydrates

• increases, nucleic acids

Which of the following can affect the function of a cell?

• high acidity

• high temperature

• low temperature

• all of these

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The diagram shows plant cells submerged in solutions with different concentrations of sugar. In diagram 2, water is flowing by osmosis both into and out of the cell because the concentration of water

• is the same both inside and outside the cell.

• inside the cell is higher than in the surrounding solution.

• inside the cell is lower than in the surrounding solution.

• forces waste products to leave the cell.

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Cellular organelles have different structures. Mitochondria, for example, possess highly folded inner membranes in addition to their outer membranes. Vacuoles, on the other hand, are only surrounded by a single-layer membrane; they do not have an inner membrane.

Why do cellular organelles have different structures?

• The structure of a cellular organelle mimics the appearance of the organism.

• All of the organelles in a particular organism are identical, but organelles in different organisms are unique.

• The structures of cellular organelles are related to their functions.

• Organelles that are less important to the cell have less sophisticated structures.

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Cells can function

• At any temperature and pH.

• In a wide range of pHs and temperatures.

• Only in a narrow range of temperature and pH.

• In rapidly changing temperatures and pHs.

The relatively stable state of equilibrium that living systems maintain by regulating their metabolic processes is known as

• stabilization

• homeostasis

• diffusion

• osmotic pressure

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In order for cells to function properly, the enzymes that they contain must also function properly. What can be inferred using the above information?

• Cells can function equally as well at all pH's.

• Cells function best at low pH's.

• Cells do not function well at pH's that are too high or too low.

• Cells function best at high pH's.

Organisms undergo many different processes in order to be able to store energy and utilize that energy. Through which of the following processes is energy released in the form of ATP?

• Endocytosis

• Photosynthesis

• Cellular Respiration

• Phototropism

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NGSS.HS-LS2-5

The graph shows the relationship between pH and three different digestive enzymes.

Pepsin is found in the stomach. Salivary amylase is found in the mouth. Arginase is found in the liver. What does the graph indicate about the relative acidity of these three locations?

• The stomach is more acidic than the liver, which is more acidic than the mouth.

• The liver is more acidic than the mouth, which is more acidic than the stomach.

• The stomach is more acidic than the mouth, which is more acidic than the liver.

• The mouth is more acidic than the stomach, which is more acidic than liver.

Proteins are used for many structural functions such as in the actin and myosin in muscle or as a part of the cytoskeleton scaffolding that maintains cell shape. What other main function do proteins serve?

• As cellulose to form the major structural component of plant cell walls

• As coding for genotypic expression and phenotypic traits

• As enzymes to control the rate of reactions and regulate cellular activity

• As waterproof membranes to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell