You always rattle the box of dog biscuits, before giving your dog a treat. As you do so, your dog salivates. Rattling the box is a ____; your dog's salivation is a _____.

• CS; CR

• CS: UR

• US; CR

• US; UR

Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. Jack's behavior is being influenced by

• positive reinforcement.

• negative reinforcement.

• a primary reinforcer.

• punishment.

Mrs. Ramirez often tells her children that it is important to buckle their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. Her children will probably learn to

• use their seat belts and tell others it is important to do so.

• use their seat belts but not tell others it is important to do so.

• tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves.

• neither tell others that seat belts are important nor use them.

Last evening May-ling ate her first cheeseburger and french fries at an American fast-food restaurant. A few hours later she became ill. It can be expected that

• May-ling will develop an aversion to the sight of cheeseburger and french fries.

• May-ling will develop an aversion to the taste of cheeseburger and french fries.

• May-ling will not associate her illness with the food she ate.

• May-ling will associate her sickness with something she experience immediately before she became ill.

In the Little Albert experiment (with the rats), the loud noise was the ________ and the white rat was the ______.

• CS; CR

• US; CS

• CS; US

• US; CR

For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response?

• immediately before

• immediately after

• at the same time as

• at least a half hour before

In distinguishing between negative reinforcement and punishment, we note that

• punishment, but not negative reinforcement, involves use of an aversive stimulus.

• in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement decreases the presentation of an aversive stimulus.

• in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus.

• in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a response because you are avoiding or terminating an aversive stimulus.

Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behaior that is maintained by

• discrimination learning.

• punishment.

• negative reinforcement.

• classical conditioning

You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example of

• operant conditioning

• classical conditioning

• conditioned reinforcement

• partial reinforcement

Learning is best defined as

• any behavior produced by an organism without being provoked.

• a change in the behavior of an organism.

• a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience

• behavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning.