Billy and Johnny are brothers, but they do not look alike. Which one of the following pairs of factors contributed to this genetic variation?

• asexual reproduction and binary fission

• crossing over and independent assortment

• cytokinesis and cloning

• non-disjunction and mitosis

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A diagram of meiosis I is shown below.

At which stage of meiosis I does the exchange in genetic material between homologous chromosomes result in recombinant chromosomes?

• prophase I

• metaphase I

• anaphase I

• telophase I

While studying meiosis and mitosis for her genetics test, Marisa made notes of the kinds of cells produced from these processes with examples from the body. Which pairing of the cell produced during meiosis and example is correct?

• haploid cell : liver cell

• diploid cell : sperm cell

• haploid cell : egg cell

• haploid cell : hair cell

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Which best describes the final result of meiosis?

• two haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

• four haploid cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

• two diploid cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

• four diploid cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A biological process is shown below.

What is the direct result of this biological process?

• duplication of genetic material

• formation of mutations within cells

• fertilization of an egg with a sperm

• generating new combinations of alleles

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NGSS.HS-LS3-1

Which of these statements best describes how the process of crossing over increases genetic variation?

• Crossing over conserves the number of genes.

• Crossing over provides a uniform rate of mutations.

• Crossing over allows for different combinations of genes.

• Crossing over permits the sharing of genes between sister chromatids.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-2

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Changes to codes in DNA can be passed down from parent to offspring and over time increase the genetic variation of a species. How is increasing genetic variation beneficial to a species over time?

• Genetic variation allows a species to remain the same during changing environmental conditions.

• Genetic variation limits the ability of a species to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

• Genetic variation limits the mutations of a species during changing environmental conditions.

• Genetic variation allows a species to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

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NGSS.HS-LS4-2

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A mistake occurring in which cell process would most likely cause an increase in genetic variation?

• replication of a strand of DNA

• removal of waste from the vacuole

• chemical conversion of glucose into energy

• transfer of mRNA transcripts across the nuclear membrane

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

NGSS.HS-LS4-2

The southern sea otter shown below is a marine mammal found off the California coast.

Southern sea otters were thought to have been hunted to extinction in the early 1900s. A group of fewer than 50 otters were discovered off the coast of central California in 1911. Since then, the population has grown to 2800 individuals. Which statement most likely explains how the earlier reduction in genetic variation could affect the future of the southern sea otter?

• It could increase the ability of sea otters to find genetically different mates.

• It could reduce the causes of all types of mutations in the sea otter population.

• It could increase the amount of competition for resources among the sea otters.

• It could reduce the ability of the sea otter population to adapt to climate change.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

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Genetic recombination occurs in many organisms. Which statement explains genetic recombination?

• Genetic recombination produces new combinations of alleles during meiosis and increases genetic variation in offspring.

• Genetic recombination produces new combinations of alleles during mitosis and results in offspring identical to the parents.

• Genetic recombination produces new combinations of alleles during protein synthesis and increases genetic variation in offspring.

• Genetic recombination produces new combinations of alleles during DNA replication and results in offspring that are identical to the parents.

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