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Which of the following agricultural practices has the most significant long-term environmental impact in tropical regions?

• Clearing small patches of land to pasture dairy cows, which decreases water pollution from runoff

• Building terraces on sloping land to grow rice, which destabilizes hillsides

• Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity

• Moving livestock to higher pasture areas in the spring, which leads to soil degradation

Compared to North American ranchers, commercial ranchers in the Pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil are more likely to

• lease their grazing land

• raise mostly sheep

• rely on feedlots

• raise livestock primarily for export

Palm oil, an edible vegetable oil used in processing packaged food products, is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree, grown only in the tropics. Which of the following explains how global demand for palm oil has proved beneficial and detrimental for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia?

• Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but increased government subsidies to palm oil farmers led to increased poverty in the two countries.

• Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the process led to high rates of unemployment for farmworkers at harvest time.

• Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries.

• alm oil exports provided increased income to the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia, but the number of farmers employed on palm oil plantations decreased in the two countries.

During the first half of the twentieth century, which of the following facilitated the transportation of beef over long distances to global markets?

• Commercial canning

• Irradiation of food

• Refrigerated ships

• Airplanes

Which of the following explains an impact of globalized agricultural commodity chains on consumers as compared to producers?

• Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.

• The shift from subsistence farming to value-added agriculture by small farmers in developed countries causes a drop in profits for global agribusiness corporations.

• The imposition of government-imposed tariffs on specialty crops in order to protect domestic farmers causes a worldwide decrease in all farm products.

• Farmers in developing countries who are unable to gain access to global food markets to sell their goods protest, leading to global unrest.

In North America, which of the following frequently consumed items is most likely to be supplied by a trans-national corporation?

• Milk

• Water

• Coffee

• Electricity

In which of the following countries is terracing LEAST likely to be used by farming groups to create additional space and minimize erosion on steep slopes?

• Nepal

• Peru

• The Philippines

• Niger

Nomadic pastoralism is an extensive agricultural system practiced

• in the dry regions of Africa and Asia

• in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia

• in the hinterlands of Australia

• by Native American buffalo hunters

Which of the following best explains why the New England region, located in the northeastern United States, would specialize in market gardening agriculture rather than other types of agriculture, such as grain farming?

• Wheat farming would require more machinery, which conflicts with the environmental standards of many states in New England.

• Market gardening products can be easily transported to the primary market of California without spoiling.

• Market gardening zones allow farmers the flexibility to grow market gardening crops along with other grain crops.

• Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.

The clearing of tropical rain forest for agriculture frequently results in

• long-term productive farmland

• a shift to animal raising

• an increase in the size of the ozone hole

• better-managed commercial forests