AP Biology DNA, Central Dogma, Gene Regulation

In his work with pneumonia-causing bacteria & mice, Griffith found that 

• the protein coat from pathogenic cells was able to transform nonpathogenic cells.
• heat-killed pathogenic cells caused pneumonia.
• some substance from pathogenic cells was transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic.
• the polysaccharide coat of bacteria caused pneumonia.

What is the basis for the difference in how the leading and lagging strands of DNA molecules are synthesized?

• DNA polymerase can join new nucleotides to the 3' end of the preexisting strand.
• Helicases and single-strand binding proteins work at the 5' end.
• The origins of replication occur only at the 5' end.
• DNA ligase works only in the 3' to 5' direction

In analyzing the number of different bases in a DNA sample, which result would be consistent with the base-pairing rules?

• A = G
• A + G = C + T
• A + T = G + G
• A = C

In a nucleosome, the DNA is wrapped around

• polymerase molecules.
• ribosomes.
• histones.
• a thymine dimer.

The anticodon of a particular tRNA molecule is 

• complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon.
• complementary to the corresponding triplet in rRNA.
• the part of tRNA that bonds with a specific amino acid.
• catalytic, making the tRNA a ribozyme.

Most gene regulation happens at which step along the way?

• translation
• transcription
• signal transduction
• DNA replication

what does a promoter do?

• it allows a gene to be transcribed
• it creates a DNA segment
• it is another word for ribosomes
• it is another word for RNA

A protein that binds to the operator and blocks the RNA polymerase

• regulator
• repressor
• activator
• corepressor

In the lac operon model the genes within the operon will be expressed if:

• lactose is absent in the cell
• glucose is present in the cell
• lactose is present in the cell

Why are insertion and deletion mutations so harmful?

• They change all of the codons from the mutation on down the line, which changes the amino acid sequence
• They insert things that an organism doesn't need.
• They often delete things that organisms need.
• Insertion and deletions are not any more harmful than substitution mutations.

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