Recently, a human trachea (a respiratory organ) was produced by using a patient’s own stem cells. The benefit of using the patient’s own cells to produce a trachea instead of receiving one from a donor is that

• there will be more enzymes produced to help maintain homeostasis in the trachea

• there will be an increase in the quantity of antibodies that the patient produces in response to the new trachea

• there is less of a chance that the patient’s immune system will attack the trachea

• there will be a greater response to any infectious agent that may enter the body

The typical response of the human body to an infection by bacteria is to

• stimulate the production of antigens

• decrease the number of enzymes in the blood

• ignore the organisms, unless they are pathogens

• produce white blood cells and antibodies

The diagnostic test for COVID-19 involves testing the blood for antibodies associated with this pathogen. Antibodies are produced when the body

• stimulates enzyme production

• secretes specific hormones

• detects foreign antigens

• synthesizes microbes

The role of antibodies in the human body is to

• stimulate pathogen reproduction to produce additional white blood cells

• increase the production of guard cells to defend against pathogens

• promote the production of antigens to stimulate an immune response

• recognize foreign antigens and mark them for destruction

Doctors sometimes use a vaccine to prepare the body to defend itself against future infections. These vaccines most often contain

• antibodies

• antibiotics

• white blood cells

• weakened pathogens

An immune response is primarily due to the body’s white blood cells recognizing

• a hormone imbalance

• abiotic organisms

• foreign antigens

• known antibiotics

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NGSS.HS-LS1-3

An immune response to a usually harmless environmental substance is known as

• an antigen

• an allergy

• a vaccination

• a mutation

A student received a flu shot in the fall. During the flu season, the student caught a cold. The most likely reason the vaccine he received did not prevent the cold was that

• his illness was not caused by a pathogen

• he did not get the vaccine at the right time of year

• his body produced antibiotics in response to the vaccine

• the vaccine he received contained only flu virus antigens

The diagram illustrates activities taking place in the body of a human. Vaccinations usually stimulate the body to produce more of

• structure A, only

• structure B, only

• structures A and C, only

• structures A, B, and C

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NGSS.MS-LS1-3

When people receive organ transplants, they often need to take medications that decrease immune responses because

• transplanted organs contain antigens that can trigger white blood cell activity

• hormones present in replacement organs prevent the synthesis of antibiotics

• transplanted organs produce their own antibiotics

• antigens present in these organs attack antibodies already present in the blood

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NGSS.MS-LS3-1