AP Biology Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle REVIEW

What could happen to the target cells in an animal that lack receptors for local regulators?

• They could compensate by receiving nutrients via an a factor.

• They could develop normally in response to neurotransmitters instead.

• They could divide but never reach full size.

• They would not be able to multiply in response to growth factors from nearby cells

From the perspective of the cell receiving the message, the three stages of cell signaling are

• signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response.

• signal reception, nucleus disintegration, and new cell generation

• the alpha, beta, and gamma stages.

• signal reception, cellular response, and cell division.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

The process of transduction usually begins

• when the chemical signal is released from the alpha cell.

• when the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.

• after the target cell divides.

• after the third stage of cell signaling is completed.

Paracrine signaling

• involves secreting cells acting on nearby target cells by discharging a local regulator into the extracellular fluid.

• requires nerve cells to release a neurotransmitter into the synapse.

• occurs only in paracrine yeast cells.

When a cell releases a signal molecule into the environment and a number of cells in the immediate vicinity respond, this type of signaling is

• autocrine signaling.

• paracrine signaling.

• endocrine signaling

• synaptic signaling.

Synaptic signaling between adjacent neurons is like hormone signaling in which of the following ways?

• It sends its signal molecules through the blood.

• It sends its signal molecules quite a distance.

• It requires binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor.

• It persists over a long period.

A small molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, usually a larger one

• is called a signal transducer.

• is called a ligand.

• is called a polymer.

[Select all that apply] Which of the following is (are) true of ligand-gated ion channels?

• They are important in the nervous system.

• They lead to changes in sodium and calcium concentrations in cells.

• They open or close in response to a chemical signal.

Of the following, a receptor protein in a membrane that recognizes a chemical signal is most similar to

• the active site of an allosteric enzyme in the cytoplasm that binds to a specific substrate.

• RNA specifying the amino acids in a polypeptide.

• a particular metabolic pathway operating within a specific organelle.

• genes making up a chromosome.

What would be true for the signaling system in an animal cell that lacks the ability to produce GTP?

• It would not be able to activate and inactivate the G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.

• It could activate only the epinephrine system.

• It would be able to carry out reception and transduction, but would not be able to respond to a signal.