Infectious Diseases

Body temperature regulation is located at the preoptic or anterior hypothalamus.There are different mechanisms that produce fever. Which one of the ff statements is true?

• Thermosensitive neurons in the hypothalamus solely responds to changes in blood temperature.

• Thermoregulatory responses include redirecting blood to or from cutaneous vascular beds only.

• Different mechanisms that can produce fever include pyrogens, heat production exceeding heat loss and defective heat loss.

• None of the above

• All of the above

Intermittent fever is defined as:

• Febrile episodes characterized by intervals of normal temperature

• An exaggerated circadian rhythm that includes a period of normal temperature in most days

• Fever that occurs on the 1^st and 4th day

• A single illness with 2 distinct febrile episodes

Change in heart rate accompanies fever. Normally there is tachycardia in the presence of high temperature. Choose the best answer.

• Heart rate rises by 10 beats/min for every 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature for children more than 2 mos of age

• Heart rate increases by 20 beats/min for every 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature

• Heart rate increases by 10 beats/min for every 10 degree Celsius rise in temperature

• Heart rate decreases by 10 beats/min for every 1 degree Celsius rise in body temperature

Temperature pulse-dissociation is observed in what diseases

• Rheumatic fever

• Endocarditis

• Typhoid

• All of the above

Viral infections are very common in children in the 1-3 months age group. However serious bacterial infections may also occur. What bacterial organisms would be observed in these age group?

• E. coli

• Group B streptococcus

• Salmonella typhi

• E coli and Group B streptococcus

Staphylococci are gram (+) bacteria that grows in pairs and clusters. The Staphylococcus epidermidis belongs to the coagulase (+) group of Staphylococcus.

• True

• False

This organism is the most common cause of pyogenic infection of the skin and soft tissues

• Staphylococcus aureus

• Streptococcus epidermidis

• Group A Streptococcus

• Group B Streptococcus

Most Staphylococcus strains possess factors that protect the organism from the host defenses. Which of the ff statements is true?

• The so called slime layer is a polysaccharide capsule which facilitates optogenesis.

• The clumping factor interacts with fibrinogen to cause large clumps of organisms promoting phagocytosis.

• Protein A is present in both Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase (-) staph and reacts specifically with IgG.

• Panton-Valentin leucocidin combines with phospholipid layer in the leukocytic cell membrane producing increased permeability and eventual cell death.

This is know as the super antigen that produces interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor.

• Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1

• Exfoliatin A and B

• Teichoic acid in the cell wall

• Catalase

A 1 year and 6 mos old female goes to your clinic for checkup. Patient has been having cough and colds for the past 5 days associated with fever. She was given carbocisteine drops, salinase nasal drops and paracetamol drops.

A few hours ptc, mother noted a yellow-greenish, foul smelling discharge on the right ear. You ordered for a CBC, and C/S of the ear discharge and gave antibiotics and sent the patient home.

After 3 days, the mother came back with the initial result of the C/S of the ear discharge which showed: Gram (+), lancet shaped encapsulated diploccoci in chains.

What is the causative organism?

• Staphylococcus aureus

• Streptococcus pneumoniae

• Moraxella catarrhalis

• None of the above