Argument structure

Define the word premise.

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Define what an argument is and list its essential components.

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Compare and contrast valid and sound reasoning.

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What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?

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In practice, most arguments are:

• inductive

• deductive

• other/neither

All birds can fly. All ducks are birds. Therefore, all ducks can fly. Hint: in truth, not all birds can fly.

• is valid reasoning

• is sound reasoning

• is neither valid nor sound

All birds lay eggs, and all ducks are birds. Therefore, all ducks lay eggs.

• is valid reasoning

• is sound reasoning

• is neither valid nor sound

All birds lay eggs, as do ducks. Therefore, ducks are birds.

• is valid reasoning

• is sound reasoning

• is neither valid nor sound

Most birds can fly. All ducks are birds. Therefore, some ducks can fly.

• is valid reasoning

• is sound reasoning

• is neither valid nor sound

All people that live in Germany are German, and Karsten lives in Germany. Therefore, Karsten is German.

• is valid reasoning

• is sound reasoning

• is neither valid nor sound