Argument structure

Define the word premise.

Define what an argument is and list its essential components.

Compare and contrast valid and sound reasoning.

What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?

In practice, most arguments are:

• inductive

• deductive

• other/neither

All birds can fly. All ducks are birds. Therefore, all ducks can fly. Hint: in truth, not all birds can fly.

• is valid reasoning

• is sound reasoning

• is neither valid nor sound

All birds lay eggs, and all ducks are birds. Therefore, all ducks lay eggs.

• is valid reasoning

• is sound reasoning

• is neither valid nor sound

All birds lay eggs, as do ducks. Therefore, ducks are birds.

• is valid reasoning

• is sound reasoning

• is neither valid nor sound

Most birds can fly. All ducks are birds. Therefore, some ducks can fly.

• is valid reasoning

• is sound reasoning

• is neither valid nor sound

All people that live in Germany are German, and Karsten lives in Germany. Therefore, Karsten is German.

• is valid reasoning

• is sound reasoning

• is neither valid nor sound