The Dutch were able to monopolize European overseas trade for most of the seventeenth century because they

• had the largest maritime empire

• had superior sailing technology

• avoided using joint-stock companies

• refused to lend money to foreign creditors

What was the main difference between the way Spain and Portugal financed foreign investment and the methods used by other European countries?

• Spain and Portugal followed the principles of mercantilism

• Spain and Portugal were slow to adopt joint-stock companies

• Spain and Portugal had the earliest international banking system

• Spain and Portugal had more middle-class investors

Ferdinand Magellan and Francis Drake's exploratory voyages differed from the Portuguese voyages of exploration in the late 1400s because they sailed

• Along the coast of Africa

• West, across the Atlantic to reach Asia

• Across the Indian Ocean

• Among the Islands of southeast Asia

Which statement best describes European trading-post empires in this period?

• They were a profitable way for Europeans to maintain a presence in Asia and Africa

• They required large numbers of European settlers to maintain control of foreign territories

• They were more expensive to maintain than trade using overland trade routes such as the Silk Road

• They had little lasting impact on the economies of Europe, Asia, or Africa

What is the most likely cause for the majority of population losses among indigenous Americans after European contact?

• Climate

• Disease

• Enslavement

• Warfare

What do the encomienda and mit'a systems used in Spanish colonies and the labor system used on Brazilian sugarcane plantations have in common?

• Both were coerced labor systems designed to enrich European colonizers

• Both made use of enslaved Africans as agricultural workers

• Both were successful in teaching indigenous peoples European farming techniques

• Both were labor systems that provided economic opportunities for immigrants

Which generalization best describes the cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe, Vodun, and Santeria?

• A mixture of Catholic and Protestant religious elements

• A mixture of indigenous and Christian religious elements

• A mixture of African and European religious elements

• A mixture of Christian, Jewish, and Muslim religious elements

Which economic process was largely responsible for the economic development of Brazil, Spanish America, and parts of western Africa in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

• Columbian Exchange

• Feudalism

• Socialism

• Mercantilism

What factor played the greatest role in determining a person's social status in Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas by the seventeenth century?

• Commercial wealth

• Land ownership

• Racial ancestry

• Religious affiliation

Which statement best describes the way Spain ruled its American colonies in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

• The monarch effectively maintained long-distance control of the colonies from Spain

• Appointed officials represented the crown, overseen by royal courts in the colonies

• Spanish colonial subjects elected their own rulers with the approval of the monarch

• Spain adapted the political systems of the Aztec and Inca in ruling the colonies