ES. Practice for the final

A(n) __________ is any use of language, be it a word, phrase, sentence, or a sequence of sentences, which can even be grammatically incomplete. It is a physical event performed by an individual on a particular occasion.

Unlike an utterance, a(n) __________ can be considered as an abstract formation, a string of words combined together with the respect of grammatical rules of language.

The key concepts in semantics are ____________ and reference, the first referring to relationships inside language, and the latter to the relationship between a language and the world.

A _________ is an entity, a thing or a person in the world which the linguistic expression refers to. For example, the word book refers to the object in the real world made of sheets of paper.

__________ meaning refers to the meaning of a word as it is described in a dictionary. On the other hand, grammatical meaning describes a word in grammatical terms, namely by its function within a sentence.

Unlike emotive meaning, which is characterised by an emotion involved on the part of the speaker or listener when using certain words, __________ meaning does not produce any emotion and is also known as “cognitive” or “conceptual” meaning.

If a word has more than one meaning, we talk about __________.

Polysemy is often contrasted with ________, because it is difficult to determine whether a single word has different meanings (when we talk about polysemy), or two or more different words share the same meaning.

A type of semantic change when a word changes and becomes more narrowed in meaning is called semantic ___________ or specialisation.

________ is perceived as semantic change, and it is defined as a change occurring as a result of some similarity between the original and the target concept which the word refers to. Through this smeantic change, some qualities are transferred from a source idea or object to a target idea or object.