APUSH 1.4

What was important about the development of vessels such as the one depicted above?

• They were capable of carrying more than 300 people, making it easy to start colonial settlements

• They were the first ships to have cannons on board, leading Portugal to excel in naval warfare

• They allowed Portuguese and Spanish navigators to sail across oceans rather than only along the coast

• They were specially designed to carry enslaved laborers on their lower decks

Read the passage below and answer the question.

"Colón [Columbus] and his crew did not voyage alone. They were accompanied by a menagerie of insects, plants, mammals, and microorganisms . . . European expeditions brought cattle, sheep, and horses, along with crops like sugarcane (originally from New Guinea), wheat (from the Middle East), bananas (from Africa), and coffee (also from Africa) . . . "

-From Charles C. Mann, historian, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, 2011.

How was the population of the Old World affected by the process Mann describes?

• Population decreased as new crops were introduced, causing people to die from new allergies

• Population increased as new crops were introduced, improving diets and increasing life expectancy

• Population increased as herbal cures found in the New World helped to address major diseases in the Old World

• Population decreased as new diseases like smallpox were introduced

In addition to the effect depicted in the image, which of the following was another negative environmental impact of Spanish colonization in the Americas?

• The introduction of new animals negatively affected Native American crops

• The introduction of new plants gave Native Americans new allergies

• The introduction of potatoes led to widespread famine

• The introduction of sheep and cattle led to a dramatic increase in the wolf population

In addition to new maritime technologies, what other innovations helped to spur European exploration in the Americas?

• New methods of preserving food for long journeys, like pickling

• New methods for organizing international trade, like the joint-stock company

• New democratic governments, like the one instituted after the French Revolution

• New forms of communication, like the telegraph