S2 L2 Valid or Invalid

P1 All dogs are cats

P2 Jim is a dog

C So Jim is a cat

• valid

• invalid

P1 All bees make pollen

P2 Phil makes pollen

C So Phil is a bee

• valid

• invalid

P1 All carnivores have sharp teeth

P2 A tiger has sharp teeth

C So a tiger is a carnivore

• valid

• invalid

P1 All queens rule countries

P2 Queen Elizabeth rules a Country

C So Queen Elizabeth is a queen

• valid

• invalid

P1 Muggles cannot do magic

P2 Dudley is a muggle

C So Dudley cannot do magic

• valid

• invalid

P1 Muggles cannot do magic

P2 Vernon Dursley cannot do magic

C So Vernon Dursley is a muggle

• valid

• invalid

P1 All whales are mammals

P2 Orcas are whales

C So Orcas are mammals

• valid

• invalid

P1 All fish are fluffy

P2 Tiddles is fluffy

C Tiddles is a fish

• valid

• invalid

P1 All cheese is made of orange juice

P2 Stilton is a type of cheese

C So Stilton is made of orange juice

• valid

• invalid

P1 If you are happy then you are smiling

P2 You are smiling

C So you are happy

• valid

• invalid