Only just a century and a half ago, before the development of modern archaeology, most well-read people in the Western world thought the world had been created

• in the year 1CE

• in the year 1000 CE

• 4.5 billion years ago

• 2 million years ago

• in 4004 BCE

The ecological approach to archaeology developed by Grahame Clark and his contemporaries could not only build up a picture of what prehistoric environments were like, but could also provide information about human activities such as

• what language people spoke in the past

• why people believed in certain gods

• what style of clothing people wore

• what people ate in the past

• all of the above

Who formed the first "cabinets of curiosities"?

• Sigmund Freud

• Renaissance princes

• Sir John Soane

• the Aztecs

• none of the above.

A late 19th century pioneer in organized, precise excavation and total recording methods was

• General Pitt Rivers

• Charles Darwin

• Gordon Childe

• Alfred Kidder

• Indiana Jones

The study of the arrangement of superimposed layers of rocks or soil is called

• processualism

• the Three Age System

• cultural ecology

• stratigraphy

• the praxis approach

Although it was less applicable in places where bronze or iron were not used, the Three Age System was conceptually significant to the study of the prehisotry of

• North America

• Europe

• South America

• Africa

• Mesoamerica

In North America, the influential anthropologist Julian Steward emphasized the importance of environmental adaptation in cultural change. This approach was termed

• environmentalism

• cultural ecology

• eco-archaeology

• diffusionism

• processualism

Proponents of the New Archaeology argued that archaeology should do which of the following?

• explain rather than describe

• test hypotheses

• use scientific approaches

• design research to answer specific questions

• all of the above

The central concern of the "classificatory-historical period" of archaeological thought, which lasted until 1960, was

• the use of scientific dating methods

• the incorporation of alternative interpretations of the past

• processualism

• chronology

• all of the above

The efforts of marginalized groups in the territory of former European colonies to have more of an influence on the management of their heritage has resulted in the development of

• the New archaeology

• speculative archaeology

• archaeobotany

• Indigenous archaeologies

• the cultural-historical approach