Moving from the 'big picture' to something specific.

• circular structure

• narrowing the focus

• description

• dialogue

Moving from something specific to the 'big picture'.

• widening the focus

• flashback

• contrast

• internal thoughts

Description of what a character is thinking which other characters are not aware of.

• circular structure

• description

• narrowing the focus

• internal thoughts

When the focus shifts to a time in the past.

• narrowing the focus

• dialogue

• flashback

• internal thoughts

When the text ends back at the time or idea it started with.

• narrowing the focus

• widening the focus

• circular structure

• motif

Conversation between one or more characters.

• narrowing the focus

• circular structure

• internal thoughts

• dialogue

Detailed sections painting a picture of a character or place.

• description

• dialogue

• widening the focus

• contrast

Where two characters or places are described very differently.

• flashback

• dialogue

• circular structure

• contrast

An idea or object that appears repeatedly in a text.

• dialogue

• motif

• flashback

• internal thoughts