Which of the following statements about levels of biodiversity is correct?

• Genetic biodiversity is a measure of the total number of genes in a community.

• A narrow distribution of habitats leads to an increase in species diversity.

• Global hotspots are areas where species diversity is thriving due to habitat restoration.

• A population with high genetic biodiversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors.

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Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem?

• After an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetic diversity.

• Habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance.

• Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity.

• Smaller populations are less likely to go extinct than larger populations, so the species diversity will remain constant.

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All of the following are negative externalities EXCEPT

• illnesses related to living near a manufacturing facility

• noise associated with living near a major airport

• air pollution caused by refinery emissions

• bees pollinating vegetables in addition to creating honey

• damage to crops from automobile exhaust

Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests?

• Recreation and scenic areas for tourism

• Timber and landscape materials

• Mushroom and plant harvests

• Soil stabilization and air purification

Which of the following would most likely result from the deforestation of large areas of tropical rain forests caused by slash-and-burn agriculture?

• Increased ozone thinning because of the release of CFCs

• Decreased acid rain because of the sequestration of SO2

• Increased global temperature because of the release of CO2

• Deceased evaporation because of the loss of the tree canopy

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Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent?

• There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers.

• Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do.

• There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents.

• Islands that are closer to continents always have more ecological niches than more distant islands do.

Which of the following correctly describes the disruption of an ecosystem service by an

anthropogenic activity?

• Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuels, which leads to an increase in air pollution.

• Regulating services are disrupted by flash flooding from a hurricane, which decreases available food resources.

• Supporting services are disrupted by an earthquake that causes habitat destruction, which displaces plants and animals.

• Cultural services are disrupted by a tornado that causes the loss of acres of forest, which reduces the amount of harvestable timber.

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For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands?

• Small isolated islands are more likely to receive more migrating species.

• Small isolated islands provide opportunities for a greater diversity of species.

• Because of their size, small isolated islands accumulate more species by chance.

• Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources.

• Because they have fewer available niches, small isolated islands are targeted and colonized by species.

Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because

• they contain a high degree of genetic variability

• they tend to have more predators

• their habitats are more stable

• they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events

• they are usually generalist species

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Highly specialized species tend to evolve on islands because of the environmental conditions and resource availability. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following would most likely experience the greatest decline of specialist species if an invasive species emigrated from the mainland?

• A small island a far distance from the mainland

• A small island in close proximity to the mainland

• A large island a far distance from the mainland

• A large island in close proximity to the mainland

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