X is almost always only one of a number of possible determining conditions that caused the observed change in Y is the definition of:

• Causation

• Field Experiment

• Experiment

• Validity

To demonstrate that A caused B, one must be able to show that A occurred before B occurred is the definition of:

• Causation

• Logical order

• Time order of occurrence

• Variation

To provide evidence that a change in A caused a particular change in B, one must first show that there is correlation between A and B is the definition of:

• Causation

• Reliability

• Causal research

• Concomitant variation

Research in which one variable is manipulated and the effect on another variable is observed is the definition of:

• Experiment

• Internal validity

• External validity

• Descriptive approach

Test conducted outside the laboratory in an actual environment such as a marketplace is the definition of:

• Experiment

• Causal research

• Field experiment

• Exploratory research

Research designed to determine whether a change in one variable likely caused an observed change in another is the definition of:

• Field experiment

• Reliability

• Causal research

• Exploratory research

Extent to which competing explanations for the experimental results observed can be ruled out is the definition of:

• Internal validity

• External validity

• Reliability

• Causation

Extent to which causal relationships measured in an experiment can be generalized to outside persons, settings and times is the definition of:

• Internal validity

• Field experiment

• External validity

• Reliability