Ch 2 Environmental Review

Preservationists view on nature is...

• Humans should have access to observe the beauty but should not take from nature for consumptive use

• public resources should be used and managed in a sustainable fashion to provide the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people

• Become more human-centered

• Valued nature for the goods and services it provided human beings

What did Aldo Leepold's viewpoint and attitude toward the environment?

• That park and public lands should preserve wild nature in its pristine state. Humans should have access to observe the beauty but should not take from nature for consumptive use.

• Public resources should be used and managed in a sustainable fashion to provide the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people. Valued nature for the goods and services it provided human beings.

• Believed in both sustainable human use of natural resources and the preservation of wilderness. Wilderness provides resources that are essential to civilization.

• Believed that humans must immerse themselves in the wild nature to reunite with its transcendent truths.

The ethics that the importance of action is the outcome is __________ ethics

• Duty-based

• Virtue

• Consequence-based

• Anthropocentric

In this ethics intrinsic value is on all communities of organisms and ecosystems...

• Anthropocentric

• Biocentric

• Virtue

• Ecocentric

In this valuation it focuses less on the willingness to pay but determines the ecological value by the potential cost of the loss of degradation of an ecosystem service...

• Ecological

• Marginal

• Hedonic

• Contingent

What is customary international law?

• the accepted norms of behavior or rules that countries follow as a matter of long-standing precedent

• established by formal, legally binding conventions or treaties among countries

• sets standards for the actions of countries based on the decisions of international courts and tribunals

• Decisions carry weight in interpretation of customary and conventional law

What value is that a person, organism, or object has value unto itself?

• Instrumental value

• Intrinsic value

• Marginal valuation

• Hedonic Valuation

Which is one of the schools of thought of intrinsic value for biocentric ethics?

• Intrinsic value only to humans and right actions in terms of outcomes for human beings only

• The collections of organisms or critical features in the environment have intrinsic value.

• Organisms only have intrinsic value if they experience pleasure or satisfaction

• A thing is valued as a means to some other end

Actions motivated by kindness, honesty, loyalty, and justice is what ethics?

• Duty-based

• Biocentric

• Virtue

• Anthropocentric

________ ethics argue that the value of other living things is equal to the value of humans.

• Anthropocentric

• Biocentric

• Ecocentric

• Deep ecology