MA

Typological categories have no necessary correspondence with groups of languages that have descended from the same parent language.

• True

• False

Language universals must be generally valid for the languages of the world, whether those languages are spoken by only a few dozen people in a highlands village of Papua New Guinea or by millions of people in Europe, Africa, or Asia.

• True

• False

While some languages have voiced and voiceless stops and others have only voiced, no language has yet been encountered that has voiceless stops but no voiced stops.

• True

• False

Humans have developed more than 6000 different languages, some of which are more sophisticated and better than the others.

• True

• False

If basic principles govern all languages, then the study of language universals offers a glimpse of the cognitive and social foundations of human language.

• True

• False

Language typology focuses on classifying languages

according to their genealogical characteristics.

• True

• False

Language typology is interested only in the variety found among the world’s languages.

• True

• False

Some ideas that are conveniently expressed with a single word in one language always have a single-word correspondent in another language.

• True

• False

All known languages, without exception, have pronouns for at least the speaker and the addressee.

• True

• False

Some languages have a single pronoun to refer simultaneously to the speaker and the addressee (and sometimes other people) and a separate pronoun to refer to the speaker along with other people but excluding the addressee. The first of these is called a first-person exclusive pronoun, and the second is called a first-person inclusive pronoun.

• True

• False