Final Test Prep: 영어학습원리

Piaget, the founding father of social constructivism believed in social interaction and that it was integral part of learning.

• O

• X

Answer explanation

Vygotsky, the founding father of social constructivism believed in social interaction and that it was integral part of learning.

According to behaviorist perspective, infants learn oral language from other human role models through a process involving imitation, reward, and practice.

• O

• X

Answer explanation

(O)

Behaviorist theory explained learning in terms of imitation, practice, reinforcement (or feedback on success), and habit formation.

For behaviorist, language learning is a habit formation on the basis of the stimuli and rewards.

• O

• X

Answer explanation

(O)

Behaviorist theory explained learning in terms of imitation, practice, reinforcement (or feedback on success), and habit formation.

Cognitive psychology sees the individual as a processor of information, in much the same way that a computer takes in information and follows a program to produce an output.

• O

• X

Answer explanation

(O)

Since the 1990s, research and theories from cognitive psychology have become increasingly central to our understanding of second language development. Some of these theories use the computer as a metaphor for the mind, comparing language acquisition to the capacities of computers for storing, integrating, and retrieving information.

To Krashen, the ‘i’ represents the language that is just a step beyond that level, and the ‘+1’ is a metaphor for the level of language already acquired.

• O

• X

Answer explanation

(X)

Acquisition occurs when one is exposed to language that is comprehensible and that contains “i +1”.

If the input contains forms and structures just beyond the learner’s current level of competence in the language (“i +1”), then both comprehension and acquisition will occur.

Vygotsky's theory involved cognitive dialogue, the zone of proximal development, social interaction, and culture and private speech.

• O

• X

Answer explanation

(O)

Vygotsky’s theory assumes that cognitive development, including language development, arises as a result of social interactions

This internalizing is thought to occur when an individual interacts with an interlocutor within his or her zone of proximal development (ZPD)—that is, in a situation in which the learner can perform at a higher level because of the support (scaffolding) offered by an interlocutor.

Vygotsky (1978; 1934/1987) hypothesized that private speech is a product of socialized language between adult and child. That is, children draw their verbal abilities to plan, guide and regulate their own behavior via the communication of adults used to direct their children. (https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2FBF00889522.pdf)

According to Vygotsky, framework is an assisted learning process that gets the child to the next level of understanding

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• X

Answer explanation

According to Vygotsky, (scaffolding) is an assisted learning process that gets the child to the next level of understanding.

Richard Schmidt (1990, 2001) proposed the noticing hypothesis, suggesting that nothing is learned unless it has been ‘noticed’. Noticing does not itself result in acquisition, but it is the essential starting point.

• O

• X

Answer explanation

(O)

The noticing hypothesis

Richard Schmidt (1990, 2001) proposed the noticing hypothesis, suggesting that nothing is learned unless it has been ‘noticed’. Noticing does not itself result in acquisition, but it is the essential starting point.

According to Usage-based theories, the emphasis is on the frequency with which learners encounter specific linguistic features in the input and the _______ with which language features occur together.

• difficulty

• output

• frequency

• notice

Answer explanation

According to Usage-based theories, the emphasis is on the frequency with which learners encounter specific linguistic features in the input and the (frequency) with which language features occur together.

Cognitive psychologists working in an information-processing model of human learning and performance see second language acquisition as the building up of knowledge that can eventually be called on _______ for speaking and understanding.

• rightfully

• noticeably

• perfectly

• automatically

Answer explanation

Cognitive psychologists working in an information-processing model of human learning and performance see second language acquisition as the building up of knowledge that can eventually be called on (automatically) for speaking and understanding.