AP World History: Modern - Fall 2020 Review

“Women leave their families to marry, and the husband is the master of the household they marry into. . . . The husband is to be firm, the wife soft; conjugal affections follow from this. While at home, the two of you should treat each other with the formality and reserve of a guest. Listen carefully to and obey whatever your husband tells you. If he does something wrong, gently correct him. Don’t be like those women who not only do not correct their husbands but actually lead them into indecent ways.”

Wife of a Tang dynasty official

The excerpt above best illustrates which of the following attributes of Confucianism?

• The equality of all members of the family

• The power of wives over their husbands outside the home

• The virtues and duties of family members

• The legitimacy of selling women to worthy families

“Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms.

Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims.

I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur’an.”

*Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court.

Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E.

Based on the passage, which of the following most strongly influenced Dara Shikoh’s religious views?

• Shi‘ism

• Sufism

• Buddhism

• Zoroastrianism

From the founding of each religion, Christians and Muslims shared a belief in

• the principle of separation of church and state

• the legal equality of men and women

• equality of opportunity

• a single omnipotent deity

Inca and Aztec societies were similar in that both

• developed from Mayan civilization

• acquired empires by means of military conquest

• independently developed iron technology

• had no system of regional trade

Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following?

• The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea

• East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea

• North Africa and western Europe

• The Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean

“I am a griot … we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. … I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past.”

An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E.

The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes?

• To establish the griot’s authority by connecting him to the past

• To exalt the Malian kings above previous dynasties

• To highlight the griot’s unique abilities as compared to other griots

• To portray Mali as a progressive society that is improving on the past

“At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords.

The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it.”

Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s

English nobles resisted peasant demands such as those described in the passage because agricultural labor in many parts of fourteenth-century Afro-Eurasia had become scarce as a result of which of the following developments?

• The migration of peasants to cities in search of industrial employment

• Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases

• The development of wage-based economies with the emergence of capitalism

• Widespread famine resulting from rising global temperatures

“It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes . . . are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God.”

An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570

What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above?

• The clergy generally appointed kings, queens, and princes.

• Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule.

• Rulers were most often chosen from members of the clergy.

• The clergy believed in the separation of church and state.

“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord.

Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.’ I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.

In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”

*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444

Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church

• had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land

• had become corrupted by power

• had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism

• had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

• They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments.

• They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

• They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces.

• They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.